Fall.2008.MMA.Bertrand.Doyle.Timeline

WIKI TIMELINE

Democritus(460-370 B.C.)

He studied philosophy, metaphysics, mathematics and astronomy. He composed a theory which explained that the universe is composed of two elements. These elements are atoms and the void in which they exist and move. He learned it from its founder, Leucippus. Thus he attributed to Leucippus for his ideas that the atoms are infinite in number and imperceptible because of the minuteness of their size. He theorized that matter was ultimately composed of smaller indivisible particles called atomes, or "atoms" meaning "indivisible". He also suggested that if you divided matter into smaller and smaller pieces, you would eventually end up with tiny, indestructible particles-atoms.



Pictures form: http://www.columbia.k12.mo.us/jjhs/Technology/S&E0506/bloomc/dman.jpg http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/PhysicalScience/atom-with-electrons.gif

Aristotle Born: (384 BC in Stageira, Chalcidice) Died: (322 BC in Euboea) Aristotole was a student of Plato. He was also the teacher ofAlexander the Great. Some of the subjects he wrote on included physics, metaphysics,poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology. He was the first person to come up with a understandable system of Western philosophy. Aristotle believed that everything was made up of 5 basic elements. These elements included fire, earth, air, water, and aether, which makes up stars and planets. He developed four causes that answered many questions.They included Material cause, elements that make up an object Efficient cause, how it was created. Formal cause, what it is. Final cause, or the end.



Jabir Ibn Haiyan Born:(721 CE in Tus, Khorasan in Iran) Died:(803 CE)

Jabir Ibn Haiyan, the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry. His contribution to chemistry includes the perfection of scientific techniques such as crystalization, distillation, calcination, sublimation and evaporation and development of several instruments. One of his major practical achievement was the discovery of mineral and others acids. His achievements in this field include preparation of various metals, development of steel, dyeing of cloth and tanning of leather, varnishing of water-proof cloth, use of manganese dioxide in glass-making, prevention of rusting, letterring in gold, identification of paints, greases and the list goes on.

Joseph Priestley Born:(March 13, 1733 in England) Died:( February 6, 1804) He was an 18th-century British theologian, Dissenting clergymen, natural philosopher, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. He is credited with the discovery of oxygen, having isolated it in its gaseous state. During his lifetime, Priestley's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of soda water, his writings on electricity, and his discovery of several gases, the most famous being what Priestley dubbed oxygen. A scholar and teacher throughout his life, Priestley also made significant contributions to pedagogy, including the invention of modern historiography. Priestley's science was integral to his theology, and he consistently tried to fuse Enlightenment rationalism with Christian theism. The controversial nature of Priestley's publications combined with his outspoken support of the French Revolution aroused public and governmental suspicion; he was eventually forced to flee to the United States after a mob burned down his home and church in 1791.

Antoine Lavoisier (Aug. 26,1743-May 8th,1794)

He was a French nobleman trained in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. He was the man that first came up with the first law of conservation of mass. He also discovered and named oxygen, in 1778, and hydrogen in 1783. He also invented the metric system. He also wrote the first long version of the elements. He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same. He was also an investor in a private tax collection company, a chairman of a large bank, and a member of several councils. All of these gave him oppertunities to fund his scientific research. He was beheaded later during the French Revolution.



PICTURE FROM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Antoine_lavoisier_color.jpg

John Dalton (1766-1844)

He was born into a Quaker family in Cumberland, England, and earned his living for most of his life as a teacher and public lecturer. After teaching 10 years at the Quaker boarding school, he moved on to a teaching position in the city of Manchester. There he joined the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, that provided him with an intellectual environment and laboratory facilities. The first paper he delivered was on color blindness, which afflicted him and is sometimes still called "Daltonism."

He calculated atomic weights from percentage compositions of compounds, using an arbitrary system to determine the likely atomic structure of each compound. He went by the assumption that combination always takes place in the simplest possible way, so he arrived at the idea that chemical combination takes place between particles of different weights, and this it was which differentiated his theory from the historic speculations of the Greeks.



PICTURE FROM www.english.upenn.edu/.../ knarf/Gifs/dalton1.gif Amedeo Avogadro Avogadro graduated in ecclesiastical law at the age of 20. In 1809 started teaching at a high school in Vercelli, Where his family had property. Then in 1811, he published an article with the title "Essay on Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies and the Proportions by Which They Enter These Combinations", which contains his hypothesis. He was active in the revolutionary movements of 1821 against the king of Sardinia. Avogadro dealt with statistics, meteorology, and weights and measures. In honor of his contributions to molecular weights, the number of molecules in one mole was named Avogadro’s. It is approximately 6.0221415 × 1023. Avogadro's number is used to compute the results of chemical reactions. It allows chemists to determine the exact amounts of substances produced in a given reaction.

Avogadro’s Law states that the relationship between the masses of the same volume of different gases at the same temperature and pressure corresponds to the relationship between their respective molecular weights. Therefore, the relative molecular mass of a gas can be calculated from the mass of sample of known volume. One of his most important contributions was clearly distinguishing one from the other, stating that gases are composed of molecules, and these molecules are composed of atoms. And for his hard work on molality and molecular weight, they named the number 6.0221415 × 1023 Avogadro’s number.



William Crookes Born:(June 17, 1832 in London, England) Died:(April 4, 1919 in London, England)

In 1861, Crookes discovered a previously unknown element with a bright green emission line in its spectrum and named the element thallium. Crookes also identified the first known sample of helium, in 1895. He was the inventor of the Crookes radiometer, which today is made and sold as a novelty item. He also developed the Crookes tubes. In his work of the conduction of electricity in low pressure gases, he discovered that as the pressure was lowered, the negative electrode appeared to emit rays. He was a pioneer in the construction and use of vacuum tubes for the study of physical phenomena. He was, one of the first scientists to investigate plasmas. He also devised one of the first instruments for the study of nuclear radioactivity, and it was called the spinthariscope.



Wilhelm C. Roentgen (March 27, 1845-Feb. 10, 1923) He was born in Lennep, Prussia.Roentgen studied at the Polytechnic in Zurich. He was professor of physics. His research included elasticity, action of fluids, specific heats of gases, conduction of heat in crystals, and absorption of heat by gases. He stumbled upon X- rays. He took the first X-ray photos of the insides of metal objects and of the bones in his wife’s hand. He died in Munich, Germany.

PICTURE FROM http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Villa/4437/Wilhelm_Roentgen.gif

PICTURE FROM http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Chem/mfrancl/PChemResource/404.jpg

Henri Becquerel (Dec. 15, 1852- Aug. 25, 1908)

He was born in Paris, France. Becquerel early work was with the polarization of light and terristrial magnetism. In 1896, his this work was outdown by his discovery natural radioactivity. He went to find whether there was a relation between X-rays and natural radioactivity. He had uranium salts which he used to test his experiments. By using the salts, he showed that rays emitted off of the salt, caused gases to ionize, and that they were different than X-rays in that they could be affected by magnetic fields. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of radioactivity with Becquerel was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. Henri wrote down all of his findings and published them later.

PICTURE FROM http://web.ubc.ca/okanagan/hse/__shared/assets/Henri_Becquerel31504.jpg

J.J. Thompson ( Dec. 18, 1856 – Aug. 30, 1940)

PICTURE FROM http://www.columbia.k12.mo.us/jjhs/Technology/S&E0506/schermerp/images/thompson.jpg Joseph J. Thomson was Born in Cheetham Hill, Manchester in England. His father died when he was 16 years old. As he grew up, he started to study engineering and got degrees in mathematics. He fathered one son, George, and one daughter, Joan. He became a prestigious teacher, one of his students was being Ernest Rutherford, and six others went on to win the Nobel Prize, including his son, George. J.J. was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, for his experimenting and studies of conduction of gases in magnetism. "He was knighted in 1908. He died on August 30, 1940 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Marie Curie ( Nov. 7, 1867- July 4, 1934) She was born in Warsaw. She received an ordinary education in local schools and she learned some sciences from her father. She left Warsaw in 1891, and went to Paris to continue studying Physics and Math Sciences. She married Pierre Curie. He was a professor in the School of Physics in 1894. Pierre died in 1906, so Marie took his place. She was the first woman to hold this position.

She won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, for her study of radiation discovered by Becquerel, who was awarded the other half of the Prize. In 1911 she received a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in her work in radioactivity. President Harding of the United States, on behalf of the women of America, presented her with one gram of radium in recognition of her service to science. Curie died in Savoy, France. She got an element named after her, Curium.



PICTURE FROM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie

Robert Milikan (March 22, 1868- Dec. 19, 1953)

PICTURE FROM http://www.tesla2006.org/images/image008.gif

He grew up under normal circumstances, and upon his graduation from college he began to study spectrums, and wrote many books about other things related to physics. During World War I, Robert was made the Vice-Chairman of the National Research Council, playing a huge part in coming up with anti-submarine and meteorological devices. Millikan loved to play tennis and golf on spare time. Professor Millikan married Greta Erwin Blanchard in 1902; they had three sons: Clark Blanchard, Glenn Allen, and Max Franklin. He went on to win the Nobel Prize in 1923 for studies in Physics. He died in San Marino, California.

Ernest Rutherford born in New Zealand (1871-1937)

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The Gold foil experiment Pictures from: http://maiyap3.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/ernest-rutherford.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/75/22475-004-A3C9BDB8.gif

Ernest Rutherford was the son of a farmer. Ernest was born at Spring Grove, New Zealand. He did two years of research at the forefront of electrical technology. In 1898, Rutherford was a chairmember of physics at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, where he did the work that gained him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1908 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research of nuclear atoms. He found a way to demonstrate thiis experiment by using a model.He was knighted in 1914 for his accomplishments.

In 1909, Rutherford measured the deflection of alpha particles directed to a sheet of gold foil. The gold foil was surrounded by a circular sheet of zinc sulfide which was used to show that the particles made contact. The sheet would light up when the alpha particles hit. The alpha particles should all have been deflected by, at most, a few degrees, he saw that some were deflected by more than 90 degrees. From this, Rutherford was able to observe and some up with new ideas for the central structure of the atom. The Gold Foil experiment is shown above.

Neils Bohr (0ct.7, 1885- Nov. 18, 1962) PICTURE FROM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Niels_Bohr.jpg Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmarck. He won the nobel prize, in 1922, for his studies in physics. He learned more about the structure of atoms and the radiation that is given off by them.Towards the end of his life, things started to get more difficult. During World War II, he was arrested by German Police. He escaped to Sweden, and made his way to London. He later spent some time in a secret laboratory in New Mexico, for the famous Manhattan Project.

Erwin Schrodinger (Aug. 12, 1887 – Jan. 4 1961)

PICTURE FROM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger2.jpg In 1887 he was born in Vienna to Rudolf, botanist and Georgine Emilia Brenda. Erwin learned English and German at the same time because both were spoken at the house.In 1921, he moved to the University of Zurich, where he wrote a series of four papers. These papers would later achieve Erwin the Nobel Prize in1933. These papers explained how quantum states of things could change over time. He also came up with an equation, that was named after him, shown below. In 1933, Erwin was spending time in a university in Berlin, but choose to leave because of the prosecution of Jews. He went to Italy that summer, where he impregnated his assistant’s wife. She was born in May of 1934. In the Later days, Erwin wrote a book on the molecules of genes. In 1961, he died in Vienna.

James Chadwick Born:Cheshire, England October 20, 1891 Died:July 24, 1974

Chadwick made a fundamental discovery in the domain of nuclear science: he proved the existence of neutrons - elementary particles devoid of any electrical charge. In contrast with the helium nuclei which are charged, and are repelled by the considerable electrical forces present in the nuclei of heavy atoms. This new tool in atomic disintegration need not overcome any electric barrier and is capable of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements. Chadwick in this way prepared the way towards the fission of uranium 235 and towards the creation of the atomic bomb. For this epoch-making discovery he was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and subsequently the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935. From 1943 to 1946 he worked in the United States as Head of the British Mission attached to the Manhattan Project for the development of the atomic bomb.



Pictures from: http://resources.edb.gov.hk/physics/articlePic/AtomicPhysics/matterstr_pic02e.gif http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200705/images/chadwick_web.jpg

Werner Heisenberg ( Dec. 5 1901- Feb. 1, 1976) He was born in Wurzburg. He was a son of a Greek languages professor at the University of Munich. Werner went to the University of Munich to study physics. From 1924 to 1925 he worked with Neils Bohr, at the University of Copenhagen. In 1929 he went on a lecture tour to the United States, Japan, and India. At the end of World War II, Werner and other German physicists, were taken prisoner by American troops and sent to England, but in 1946 he returned to Germany. In 1948 Heisenberg stayed for some months in Cambridge, England, to give lectures, and in 1950 and 1954 he was invited to lecture in the United States

Werner won the Nobel Prize in 1932 for theories in quantum mechanics, which he wrote in 1925, when he was only 23 years old. His theory was based only on what was seen on the radiation emitted by the atom. Later, he came up with the //principle of uncertainty//, which states that the position and momentum of a moving particle may contain errors and the product of it cannot be less than the quantum constant.



PICTURE FROM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg

Sorces


 * http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Lavoisier.html
 * http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus
 * http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html
 * http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html
 * http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html
 * http://www.light-science.com/chadwick.html
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger
 * http://www.aip.org/history/electron/jjthomson.htm
 * http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Millikan/Millikan.html
 * http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html
 * http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html
 * http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html
 * http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm
 * http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/HAIYAN.html
 * http://www.bulldog.u-net.com/avogadro/avoga.html
 * http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/lanthact/biogs/crookes.html
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley