1915-1950+(VC)


 * James Chadwick**

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- “ This was the premise, and from here, Chadwick simply had to play detective and put all the pieces of the puzzle together. For instance, he could tell that the mysterious radiation in question was neutral due to the fact that it was not affected by proximity to a magnetic field, and, unlike standard gamma radiation, did not invoke the //photoelectric effect// (when photons, such as gamma rays, strike certain surfaces, they discharge electrons, which can be simply measured), but rather discharged protons, which meant that the particles had to be more massive than previously expected. In the end, Chadwick finally solved the puzzle and officially discovered the neutron in 1932, thus vindicating Rutherford’s original theory (not that Rutherford needed any more accomplishments in his already prolific scientific career). For his efforts, Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935.” Read more at Suite101: [|The Discovery of the Neutron: James Chadwick's Remarkable Experiment] []

__**Chadwick's Bio**__ James Chadwick was born in Cheshire, England, on 20th October, 1891. During World War I, he was interned in the Zivilgefangenenlager. In 1932 Chadwick discovered and proved the existence of the neutron in the atom. He laid the fundamental steps to the creation of the atomic bomb and in 1935 he was awarded the Nobel Prizw for physics. He was also knighted in 1945. In 1925, he married Aileen Stewart-Brown of Liverpool. They have twin daughters, and live at Denbigh, North Wales. His hobbies include gardening and fishing. Sir James Chadwick died on July 24, 1974.

**Werner Heisenberg**

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-Heisenberg theorized about the quantum mechanics of the paths of electrons and the different parts of the atom. “We cannot always assign to an electron a position in space at a given time, nor follow it in its orbit, so that we cannot assume that the planetary orbits postulated by Niels Bohr actually exist. Mechanical quantities, such as position, velocity, etc. should be represented, not by ordinary numbers, but by abstract mathematical structures called "matrices". __**Heisenberg's Bio**__ Werner Heisenberg was born on 5th December, 1901, at Würzburg, Germany. In 1923 he took his Ph.D. at the University of Munich and then became Assistant to Max Born at the University of Göttingen. At the end of World War II Heisenberg along with other German scientists were captured by American soldiers and were sent to England but they were all soon released in 1946. At twenty-three Heisenberg published his theory on quantum mechanics in 1925 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932. Heisenberg was a distinguished pianist and in 1937 Heisenberg married Elisabeth Schumacher. They have seven children, and lived in Munich. He died February 1, 1976.


 * Erwin Schrodinger**

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-Erwin Schrodinger’s discovery of 1927 shows that the discrete energy states of matter could be determined by Wave Equations. “Both matter and radiations possess a remarkable duality of character, as they sometimes exhibit the properties of waves, at other times those of particles. Now it is obvious that a thing cannot be a form of ** wave motion ** and composed of ** particles ** at the same time - the two concepts are too different. (** Heisenberg **, 1930)”

__**Schrodinger's Bio**__ Erwin Schrödinger was born on August 12, 1887, in Vienna. Schrödinger had a very broad education which spanned from poetry to painting to science. He discovered the wave equation in the first half of 1926. Erwin got a Nobel Prize for his works in Germany but Hitler’s coming to power forced Schrodinger to continue his studies in England. Schrodinger was married to Annemarie Bertel in 1920 and died January 4, 1961 from illness.