Fall.2008.MMA.DaytonandDowns.Timeline

John Dalton John Dalton (1766-1844) Was a English chemist that develop the modern atomic theory. The atomic theory has three parts," each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms, all atoms of a given element have the same mass and other properties that distinguish them from the atoms of other elements, atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds." (Introductory chemistry pg.92)
 * [[image:http://scibel.gospelcom.net/images/bios/dalton/dalton.jpg caption="John Dalton"]] ||
 * John Dalton ||



Niels bohr (1885-1962)
 * Bohr distinguished himself at the University of Copenhagen, winning a gold medal from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters for his theoretical analysis of and precise experiments on the vibrations of water jets as a way of determining surface tension. Bohr moved to Manchester where he worked on the theoretical implications of the nuclear model of the atom recently proposed by Rutherford and known as the Rutherford atomic model. He recognized that the various physical and chemical properties of the elements depend on the electrons moving around the nuclei of their atoms and that only the atomic weight and possible radioactive behaviour are determined by the small but massive nucleus itself. (http://www.crystalinks.com/bohr.html)

** Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen Rontgen was born in lennep, German. In 1874 He lecturer at Strasbourg University and later became a professor at Academy of Agriculture. In 1879 he was appointed the chair of physics at University of Giessen. On November 8, 1895 he discovered electromagnetic radiation in wavelength range know was X-rays, and earned the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_Röntgen)
 * (March 27, 1840- February 10, 1923)

** Robert Andrews Millikan Millikan went to hight school in Lowq and attended Oberlin College in 1891. He earn a Ph.D in physics from Columbia University in 1895. In 1909 he become a professor at University of Chicago where he meet Harvey Fletcher. Millikan and Fletcher developed an oil drop experiment which measured the charge of a electron. In 1923 Millikan won the Noble Prize for Physics. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Millikan)
 * (March 22,1868-December 19,1953)

** Antoine Henri Becquere**l (15 December 1852-August 25, 1908) Becquerel was born in Paris. I was a French physicist and was one of the discoverers of radioactivity.In 1892 he become the third person in his family to be the physics chair at the Museum of Natural History.Becquerel was studying phosphorescence in uranium and discovered radioactivity. " He won the Nobel Prize in Physics. "Becquerel wrapped a fluorescent substance, potassium uranyl sulfate, in photographic plates and black material in preparation for an experiment requiring bright sunlight. However, prior to actually performing the experiment, Becquerel found that the photographic plates were fully exposed. This discovery led Becquerel to investigate the spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel)

** Ernest Rutherford He was a physicist from Zealand who was know as the Father of nuclear physics. 1892 Rutherford become the physics chair at McGill University. Rutherford was the discover of the Orbital theory of atom. Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1908. "depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model),(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford)
 * (August 30, 1871- October 19,1937)

  James Chadwick (1891-1974)

In 1932, Chadwick made a fundamental discovery in the domain of nuclear science: he proved the existence of //neutrons // - elementary particles devoid of any electrical charge. In contrast with the helium nuclei which are charged, and therefore repelled by the considerable electrical forces present in the nuclei of heavy atoms, this new tool in atomic disintegration need not overcome any electric barrier and is capable of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements. ( http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html)

  Hey Dr. reich she’s cooking up some C2H5OH just for you Maria curie Maria curie was looking into uranium rays after the discovery of them by Henri Becquerel in 1896. Her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the amount of uranium present. She had shown that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction between molecules but must come from the atom itself. In scientific terms, this was the most important single piece of work carried out by her. (__ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie __)  Dr. reich when he is 60 years old after erosions of the liver **

Democritus about 460 BC - about 370 BC
Democritus agreed that everything which is must be eternal, but denied that "the void" can be equated with nothing. This makes him the first thinker on record to argue the existence of an entirely empty "void". In order to explain the change around us from basic, unchangeable substance he created a theory that argued that there are various basic elements which always existed but can be rearranged into many different forms. Democritus' theory argued that atoms only had several properties, particularly size, shape, and weight; all other properties that we attribute to matter, such as color and taste, are but the result of complex interactions between the atoms in our bodies and the atoms of the matter that we are examining. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus )

William Crookes ( 1832-1919)  His first important discovery was made in 1861 when he discovered the element thallium which was made possible with the help of spectroscopy. Soon after that he happened upon a phenomenon which depends upon the action of the well-known little instrument, the Crookes radiometer, in which a system of vanes, each blackened on one side and polished on the other, is set in rotation when exposed to radiant energy. Although Crookes never provided a true explanation for this. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crookes)  

Albert Einstein ( <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN">1879-1955) In 1922 Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light, which was well supported by the experimental evidence by that time. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein ) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

What’s this is this your secret stash of C2H5OH come now Dr. Reich there’s no need to hide your happy juice.

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">) Lavoisier investigated the composition of water and air, which at the time were considered elements. He determined that the components of water were oxygen and hydrogen, and that air was a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen. With the French chemists Claude-Louis Berthollet, Antoine Fourcroy and Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier devised a systematic chemical nomenclature. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier#Analytical_chemistry_and_chemical_nomenclature )

Erwin Scdrodinger**- (August 12, 1887- January 4,1961) He was Boen in Vienna Austria in 1887. Schrodinger was a Austrian physicist who was know for his contributions to quantum mechanics, and Received the Nobel prize in 1933. Scdrodinger explained the path of electron in an Atom move like waves and not in a fix pattern.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Werner Heisenberg ( <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">1901- 1976 <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">) Was a German theoretical physicist, best known for enunciating the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. He made important contributions to quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg)

** J__**.J. Thomson-**__ He born December 18, 1856 in Cheetham hill, Manchester England. In 1870 he when to the University of Manchester and study engineering and later attended Trinity College. He got a BA in Mathematics from Cambridge in 1876. "Cathode rays Thomson conducted a series of experiments with cathode rays and cathode ray tubes leading him to the discovery of electrons and subatomic particles. Thomson used the cathode ray tube in three different experiments.First experiment In his first experiment, he investigated whether or not the negative charge could be separated from the cathode rays by means of magnetism. He constructed a cathode ray tube ending in a pair of cylinders with slits in them. These slits were in turn connected to an electrometer. Thomson found that if the rays were magnetically bent such that they could not enter the slit, the electrometer registered little charge. Thomson concluded that the negative charge was inseparable from the rays." With the results of the experiment and other like it, he won the Noble Prize in Physics in 1906.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson

__Electron Cloud Model__ "Electron cloud is a term used, if not originally coined, by the Nobel Prize laureate and acclaimed educator Richard Feynman in The Feynman Lectures on Physics (Feynman2006 Vol 1 lect 6 pg 11) for discussing "exactly what is an electron?". This intuitive model provides a simplified way of visualizing an electron as a solution of the Schrödinger equation, an advancement using the scientific method to surprising observations that could only be explained by introducing randomness. It is also often referred to as an orbital, because the two terms similarly conceptualize the space where an electron is likely to be found but cannot be actually pinpointed. In the electron cloud analogy, the probability density of an electron, or wavefunction, is described as a small cloud moving around the atomic or molecular nucleus, with the opacity of the cloud proportional to the probability density.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_Cloud_Model

__Planetary Model__ In atomic physics, the Bohr model created by Niels Bohr depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

__<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Plum pudding model __ <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The plum pudding model was j.j Thomsons interpretation of the atom in 1897. This model depicts the atom with no fixed point of origin or any order only with electrons surrounded by positively charged protons. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_pudding_model)

__Aristotle__ (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates, Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by modern physics.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle)

__Plato__ (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, who, together with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy. Plato was also a mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world. Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his thinking as by what he saw as his teacher's unjust death. Plato's sophistication as a writer can be witnessed by reading his Socratic dialogues. Some of the dialogues, letters, and other works that are ascribed to him are considered spurious. Although there is little question that Plato lectured at the Academy that he founded, the pedagogical function of his dialogues, if any, is not known with certainty. The dialogues since Plato's time have been used to teach a range of subjects, mostly including philosophy, logic, rhetoric, mathematics, and other subjects about which he wrote.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato)

J. Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) He was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is best known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear weapons at the secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. For this reason he is remembered as "the father of the atomic bomb". In reference to the Trinity test in New Mexico, where his Los Alamos team first tested the bomb, Oppenheimer famously recalled the Bhagavad Gita: "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one. Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer



__Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment__** Ernest Rutherford publishes his atomic theory describing the atom as having a central positive nucleus surrounded by negative orbiting electrons. This model suggested that most of the mass of the atom was contained in the small nucleus, and that the rest of the atom was mostly empty space. Before this everyone believed the atom was like the plum pudding theory, just random electrons surounded by a positive force. When Rutherford shot the beam of light through the foil and found some light reflecting back from the foil this proved the plum pudding theory wrong. (http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline//pages/1911.html)