422-003+Big+Time+Line+Project+ANDREW+M.+AND+KEVIN+D.+BIG+TIME+LINE

Small Spherical, Solid Indivisible Model Electron Cloud Model Rutherford-Bohr Model Planetary Model

499-479BC: The Perisan Wars 336 BC- Alexander the Great takes throne of Macedonian Empire 399 BC-Socrates is executed in Athens on charges of impiety and corrupting Athenian youth.
 * __World Events:__**

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 * //Democritus (460 BC- 380 BC)-//** Born in Abdera, Greece, Democrtus was a born philospher. Scientists of Democritus' time were working on the theory that had been evolved saying that something came from nothing. Many scientists did not believe this was true, they had no idea as to what was truely going on. To describe these unchanging "invisible" particles. Believed that all matter is made up of various indivisble elements which he called atoma, meaning "invisible units" in which we get the english word atom. He believed that all changes to the surface of an object or substance is brought about by the rearanging of the atoms which make it up


 * //Leucip[[image:leucippus-1-sized.jpg width="132" height="188" align="right" caption="Leucippus"]]pus//**- **//(DOB is Unkown)//** Lived first half of 5th century BC, born at Miletus. Aristotle and Theophrastus credit Leucippus with the invention of Atomism. Leucippus agreed with the Eleatic argument that true being does not admit of vacuum that there can be no movement in the absence of vacuum. Leucippus contended that since movement exists, there has to be vacuum. However, he concludes that vacuum is identified with non-being, since it cannot really be.


 * //Aristotle (384-322 BC)-//** Aristotle was born in Stagira, Macedonia in northeast Greece. Contrary to the beliefes of Democritus and Leucippus, Aristotle did not believe in atoms being different sizes, or that they could be in constant motion. Instead he created a theory that all the worlds matter consisted of four elements. The elements were earth, air, water and fire. The elements had four qualities; dryness, hotness, coldness, and moistness.




 * 1700-1800**

World Events: Gothic War in Italy Great Turkish War started in 1683 1701 Captain Kidd hanged for piracy.


 * //Antoine Lavoisier -( Born 1743- Died 1794)//** Antoine Lavoisier was a French chemist . Lavoisiers most important contribution to science was his explanation of the chemical basis of fire. He observed that when the chemical elements sulfur and phosphorus are burned, they increase in weight. Lavoisier also made the fundamental discovery that water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. He stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass, and wrote the first extensive list of elements.


 * //Joseph Proust- (1754 -1826)//** Born in Angers,France. His father served as an apothecary in Angers . Joseph studied chemistry in his father’s shop and later came to Paris where he gained the appointment of apothecary in chief to the Salpetriere. Proust’s largest improvement into science was disproving Berthollet with the law of definite proportions in 1794.

//**Joseph Black- (1728 -1799)**// Born in Bordeaux, France. It is during the early Glasgow years (1750-52) that Black began his work on the chemistry of "magnesia alba" (a basic magnesium carbonate), which he later submitted for his MD thesis in Edinburgh, and which includes the discovery of carbon dioxide. Black was the first person to isolate Carbon dioxide, which he called "fixed air.
 * "**[[image:joseph-black.jpg width="127" height="205"]]


 * 1800-1875**

__**World Events:**__ War of 1812 1815 Napoleon escapes from exile in Elba. Greek War of Independence started in 1821

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 * //John Dalton (1766-1844)-//** Born in Cumbria, England. Contributed Dalton’s Atomic theory, the five main points of which were, elements were made of tiny particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical. The atoms of a given element are different than that of any other element. Atoms of one element can combine with other elements to create compounds, a given compound always has the same number of relative types of atoms. Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, or destroyed in a chemical process, the chemical reaction only changes the way atoms are grouped together from 1805

//**Amedeo Avogadro- (1776-1856)**// Born in Turin, Italy. Avogadro suggested that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules which is now known as Avogadro's Principle.. Therefore, molecular masses can be calculated from the masses of gas samples in 1811. The work of Avogadro was almost completely neglected until it was forcefully presented by Stanislao Cannizarro at the Karlsruhe Conference in 1860. He showed that Avogadro's Principle could be used to determine not only molar masses, but also, indirectly, atomic masses.


 * //Dmitri Mendeleev- (1834-1907)//** Born in Tobolsk. Published the first modern periodic table, with the 66 known elements organized by atomic weights. The periodic table had the symbol of the element, the atomic masses of the elements, and the atomic numbers of the elements. The strength of his table was its ability to predict the still unknown elements in 1869.
 * //Henri Becquerel- (1852 -1908)//** Born in Paris, France.In 1896, while investigating phospherence in uranium salts, Becquerel accidentally discovered radioactivity. Investigating the work of Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Becquerel wrapped a fluorescent mineral, Potassium uranyl sulfate, in photographic plates and black material in preparation for an experiment requiring bright sunlight. However, prior to actually performing the experiment, Becquerel found that the photographic plates were fully exposed. This discovery led Becquerel to investigate the spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation.


 * //Eugen Goldstein- (1850 -1930)//** Born in Poland. Names the cathode ray, later discovered to be composed of electrons, and the canal ray, later discovered to be protons in 1885. By the 1870s Goldstein had undertaken his own investigations of discharge tubes, and named the light emissions. In 1886, he discovered that discharge tubes with a perforated cathode also emit a glow at the cathode end. Goldstein explained that in addition to the already-known cathode rays, later recognized as electrons moving from the negatively-charged cathode toward the positively-charged anode, there is another ray that travels in the opposite direction.


 * .[[image:bild_goldstein.jpg width="170" height="227" caption="bild_goldstein.jpg"]]**


 * 1875-1900**

1875- Balkan Revolt- A revolt against Ottoman rule . 1885 The Indian National Congress is founded. 1885- The Bulgarian Crisis- The king of the Bulgarians angered Russia and Russia supported revolts against the king and this caused the Bulgarians to break off diplomatic relations with Russia.
 * World Events:**


 * //J.J. Thomson- (1856-1940)//** Born in Manchester, England. Atoms were thought to be the smallest division of matter until 1897.Thomson conducted a series of experiments with cathode rays and cathode ray tubes leading him to the discovery of electrons and subatomic particles. Thomson used the cathode ray tube in three different experiments.I n his first experiment, he investigated whether or not the negative charge could be separated from the cathode rays by means of magnetism. In his second experiment, he investigated whether or not the rays could be deflected by an electric field. In his third experiment, Thomson measured the charge to mass ratio of the cathode rays by measuring how much they were deflected by a magnetic field and how much energy they carried.

plum pudding model


 * 1900-1915**

World Events: 1903- first transcontinental auto trip was completed 1912- Titanic struck a iceberg and sunk 1936-Spanish Civil War begins


 * //Marie Curie (1867-1934)-//** was born in Warsaw, Poland and is credited (along with Henri Becquerel) as being one of the first scientists to discovery radioactivity. She and her husband continued to toil over their experiments even without the support of many people in the scince world. Curie persevered through this, even though the science poeple were not supporting her. While experimenting with various materials, she discovered and dubbed two new elements, Polonium and Radium. For her contributions to the scientific community, she and her husband were awarded half of the Nobel Prize in 1903, the other half given to Henri Becquerel.


 * //Wilhelm C. Röentgen- (1845-1923)//** //-//Wilhlem Roentgen was born in the Lower Rhine province of Germany in 1845. When he turned 3 his family moved to Austria. In 1895//,// Roentgen was studying an electric current going through an extremely low pressured gas. After putting multiple objects of different thicknesses, he finally asked his wife to put her hand in front of the rays, the photograph taken was of the bones in her hand and the ring she was wearing. This was the first X-ray.


 * //Robert Millikan- (1868 -1953)//** Born in Illinois. Discovered the charge of a single electron in 1909. Millikan made a lot of discoveries which were in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. His earliest success was the correct determination of the charge carried by an electron, using the "falling-drop method", he also proved that this quantity was a constant for all electrons.
 * //Niels Bohr- (1885- 1962)//** Born in Copenhagen Denmark. Contributed the theory that electrons travel in orbits around the nucleus, and that the chemical properties of an element are largely determined by the number of electrons in the orbit, in 1913. Had the idea that an electron could in fact drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, emitting a photon (light quantum) of discrete energy (this became the basis for the quantum theory).


 * //Ernest Rutherford- (1871-1937)//** Born in Bridgewater, New Zealand. He became the first person to transmute one element into another when he converted nitrogen into oxygen. In 1921, while working with Niels Bohr Rutherford theorized about the existence of neutrons, which could somehow have the repelling effect of the positive charges of protons by causing an attractive nuclear force and keeping the nuclei from breaking apart.
 * James Chadwick- (1891 -1974)** James Chadwick was from Chesrire England. He made his biggest contribution to modern physics by demonstrating the existance of a neutron. He became the first to use a direct method in determining the electric charge on the nucleus. He was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and the Nobel prize for physics in 1935. Chadwick had many papers that were published on the topic of radioactivity and other problems
 * .[[image:chadwick.jpg width="180" height="243"]]**
 * Werner Heisenberg-** Born December 5th 1901 in Wurzburg Germany, died February 1st 1976 in Munich Germany. Contributed the proton-neutron model of the atomic nucleus and used it to explain the nuclear spin of isotopes in 1932. He worked with other famous scientists like Niels Bohr, but he did not agree with Bohr's theories on the atomic structure. He based his theory on the amount of radiation the atom gives off, and his famous Principal of Uncertainty. With his and Eriwn Scrödinger's theories and studies, they both developed the electron cloud model.
 * 1915-1950**

World Events: 1939- World War 2 1941- Pearl Harbor- was attacked by Japanese fighter plains on December 7th June 6th 1944, American troops stormed the beaches of Normandy France "D-day" 1936-War between China and Japan begins, to continue through World War II.

//**Erwin Schrödinger- (1887 -1961)**// Born in, Vienna Austria- Hungary. Contributed to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933, in 1935 with help from friend Albert Einstein proposed the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. He also conducted experimental work with Friedrich Kohlrausch. In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner.
 * .[[image:Schroed.jpg width="169" height="178"]]**
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