Hickey.Petersen.Fall.Timeline.2011


 * Ancient Times **

The atoms journey begins here. In ancient Greece the idea of the atom became alive. It started with the age-old question “What is this made of?” This question made man began to ponder over the thought of the earth and what it was made out of. These men may have never guessed that such a simple idea would lead to something extremely complicated. This time period was were the beginning of science came alive. ** Aristotle ** Born 384 BC Died 322BC Aristotle was born in Staira Chalcidice, in 384 BC. Aristotle was qualified and well-informed as a member of the aristocracy. At eighteen he went to Athens to continue his studies at Plato’s Academy. Later he married Hermia’s Niece, Pythias, who had his daughter named Pythiast. During his time, Aristotle had a theory about the 5 elements, wind, water, earth, fire, and either. He describes each one as “four earthly elements have its natural place”. All 5 elements contract towards the center mass of the earth. Water, has a circular rotation which stays in a specific pattern throughout the world. Air rotates towards a sphere surrounding the rotation pattern of water. “Fire tends towards the lunar sphere” (which the moon orbits). If any elements were to be taken out there place unnaturally, they will naturally out their self back into place. Finally, Aristotle was a man of great intelligence and changed the way we look at the earth and its natural elements. Image from:http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/ Information from:http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html ** Democritus ** Born 460 BC Died 370 BC Democritus was a greek philosopher who is one of the most influential chemistry has ever had. He not only worked as a philosopher he worked as a mathematician, in literature, natural science and politics. He has been written as a interesting fellow. It has been told that he visited many countries and that he loved to travel. It was also stated that he seemed to be in a good mood frequently, evidently he received that name the “laughing philosopher” He was the type of person who could be excel in anything. What he contributed to the world of chemistry is the idea of the atom. If it wasn’t for this man, the most basic forms of chemistry may have never been thought of. He believed that the atom was a minute sphere that formed together in groups to create things. He believed that there infinite amounts of atoms and that they were different kinds of them. He basically nailed it. He has everything right but not in much detail. his thought of why some things are stronger than others are because things like metal contained small hooks and connected to one another. Thus making a better link causing to increase its strength. His simplistic idea of the atom allowed others to build of his. He is a key role in the evolution of the atom. Image from: [] Information from: [] ** Plato ** Born 428 BC Died 348 BC Plato was another famous Greek philosopher. He was a student of Socrates. Plato was born into an aristocratic family. Also, he founded the Academy in Athens. Plato wrote the republic, which covered a number of subjects. On top of that, memorably he wrote many dialogues, which were a hot topic of discussion.  Picture from: [] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Information from: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[]

1700-1800

** Sir Isaac Newton ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;"> Born 1642 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Died 1727 <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Sir Isaac Newton was a scientist who brought new light to the world of science. He could be argued as the most influential figure science has seen on over 1000 years. He prided himself in being an alchemist, mathematician, physicist and philosopher. Simply he was a renaissance man and helped shape modern day science to what it is day. He even created applied calculus. On a side note his hair looked amazing. The three laws of motion is Newton’s magnum opus. It has become a basis to the space program, modern military technology and anything that relates to movement. The three laws of motion are: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">**The First Law of Motion** - Every object in a state of uniform tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">**The Second Law of Motion -** The relationship between an object’s mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">**The Third Law of Motion –** For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Related to chemistry Newton’s best work dealt with the atomic theory. He created quantum mechanics, which laid the foundation to create the quantum theory. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Image from: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Information from: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[]

** Joseph Priestly **  <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Born 1733  <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Died 1804 <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Anytime a person wants to enjoy a nice gin and tonic, they should thank Joseph Priestly. He was an English scientist who is credited to have discovered oxygen. He was a religious man who was accepting of science and religion mixed together. Priestly could also be considered one of the founding members of the Unitarian church. Many argue Priestley’s work. They debate whether him or Antoine Lavoisier was the founder of oxygen. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">He helped discover oxygen in an experiment by isolating it and finding that it was its own element. This was important because it helped contribute to the idea that elements were mixed together. Thus figuring out molecules and elements were different things.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Image from: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Information from: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[]

** Antoine Lavoisier ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Born 1743 <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;"> Died 1794 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Lavoisier or more commonly know as The Father of Modern Chemistry is credited to have discovered two elements oxygen and hydrogen. He was born and worked in France during the years of the revolution. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">He helped form stoichiometry, the way chemical reactions are written. Stoichiometry has terrified high school and college students for many years. Lavoisier was eventually executed with guillotine because of his social status and also was accused of selling watered down tobacco. <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Image: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Information: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[]

1800-1875 ** John Dalton ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Born 1766 Died 1844 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> John Dalton was a groundbreaking chemist. His research was heavily involved in organization of atoms, this lead to the creation of the periodic table. Dalton created his own list of elements. It was composed of the elements name, a symbol and its atomic number as you can see below.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">According to the great Dr. Reich, John Dalton is a total “bad ass.” What he did for chemistry is revolutionary. He created the atomic theory, which stated: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;"> This is a raw form of what the atomic theory has become. But it is a solid start. Eventually through nuclear chemistry we have learned that it is possible to destroy an atom. But in his time nuclear chemistry was unheard of. Daltons work marked a special time for all of science.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.**
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.**
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.**
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.**

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">**The Sphere Model of the Atom**

Dalton came up with a basic model of the atom. He believed that atoms were small spheres that grouped up with many other small spheres and created objects. The atomic theory he came up with and his shape of the atom made sense. They did not understand things like electronegativity at his time and the idea that the atom was a small ball seemed like the right thing. His idea of the atom was a great model for others to work from. His idea helped form all of the others.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Images from: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[] http://2011period6group4.wikispaces.com/Model+Comparison <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Information from: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">[]

** Dmitri Mendeleev ** Born 1834 Died 1907 Dmitri Mendeleev will forever be known as the great organizer of chemistry. Born in Russia he spent his time working as a chemist and eventually created the periodic table. Unlike Daltons list shown above Mendeleev’s periodic table of elements has all of the known elements listed in a specific order. He listed them starting with there atomic number. 1 would be at the top 2 would be the next one to the right of it. This was unbelievable tool because it could predict the weights and properties of elements that were not even discovered at the time. The current periodic table we have now is more advanced than this but this is an amazing model. You can clearly see below where there are blanks in the table but they specifically know what the weight and location should be. Mendeleev was eventually honored forever by having an element names after him, Mendelevium (101, Md). Mendeleev is an interesting person; he not only was mere genius but also looked outrageous. His beard and hair made him distinguishable between his peers. Mendeleev's first draft of the periodic table

Images from: [] http://www.aip.org/history/curie/periodic.htm Information from: []

** Amedeo Avogadro ** Born 1776 Died 1856

Amadeo Avogadro was an Italian scientist. He specialized in chemistry; simplify the difference between chemicals and molecules. Avogadro’s researches lead him into creating a law of his own. He came to the conclusion that: **the relationship between the masses of the same volume of different gasses at the same temperature and pressure corresponds to the relationship between their perspective molecular weights.** **P1*V1/T1*N1=P2*V2/T2*N2=Constant** Most have heard the name Avogadro, when referring to Avogadro’s Number (6.022345 X 10 ^23).

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** 1875-1900 **

** Henri Becquerel ** Born 1852 Died 1908 Henri Becquerel was a French scientist born in the 1800’s. He was born into a family of science. In an aristocratic environment. His claim to fame was the discovery of radioactivity. He did this by leaving a piece of uranium in a desk drawer. The uranium left an imprint on the paper it was on. Sunlight did not reach the uranium at all. So the only way it could of happened if it came out of itself. Becquerel also added to the atomic theory. He worked with the absorption of light crystals. And contributed to the atomic theory with what he found. He eventually won a Nobel Prize for the work with radiation.

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** JJ Thomson ** Born 1856 Died 1940 The one and only JJ Thomson was an English scientist. His work for chemistry was very informational to the chemistry world. His work with the cathode ray and his development of the Plum-Pudding model of the atom helped people understand what the atom is like. The cathode ray experiment taught him that there was a negative electric charge emitting from the atoms. These charges are electrons. That being discovered showed the world that there were both positive and negative emissions coming out of atoms. Some atoms have more than others. His discovery of the electron happened in 1897. He left the century off with a bang. Image from: [] Information from: []

__**The Plum Pudding Model of the Atom**__

The plum pudding model is the most advanced model of the atom of its time. It was different than the idea that it was just filled in with a particular substance and it was completely solid. The plum pudding model actually came from the idea of plum pudding. Plum pudding is a type of pudding with plums inside of it not in any particular order, it is just random. Thomson theorized that the atom had spots of negative charges (electrons) scattered through out it. Also random positive charges were thought to have been placed through out also.

Image from: http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/AtomicStructure/JJThompson.htm

** Albert Einstein ** Born 1879 Died 1955 Albert Einstein was a German scientist who’s brilliance shaped our world today. He was born jewish and was alive during the years of the holocaust. He was against the Nazis and sides with the Allies. Einstein’s work helped develop the intelligence to create the nuclear bomb. He also helped create nuclear propulsion. Many air-craft carriers use this technology for energy. He created the theory of relativity blew the world with its discoveries. Also maybe one of his most common equation to be seen when regarding Einstein is E=MC^2. This is the theory that helps any nuclear type of device. 1900-1915 =Marie Curie= Born: 1867 Died: 1934 Marie Curie was born in Warsaw where she grew up after her sister passing away at an early age and her mother passing 4 years after that. She involved herself in a revolutionary organization with students when she was in school. To further her education she studied in Paris where she graduated with degrees in Physics and Mathematical sciences. Marie Curie earned a Scholarship in which she was paid to investigate the different magnetic properties of steels. She began studying with Pierre Curie who made important discoveries of magnetism. The two married in the July of 1895 and Marie continued her research until they had their first child Irene, in 1897. After they studied the radioactivity of uranium from a source called Uranium ore pitchblende that was mined for the uranium to be extracted. However they noticed that the leftovers of the pitchblende were still radioactive. The couple explained the reasoning of this in 1898 by saying that the pitchblende had other radioactive ingredients in it that were actually far more radioactive. They then discovered and named two more elements, Polonium and Radium. Marie Curie also proposed that the energy called radioactivity was a fundamental characteristic of every atom. Later scientists would confirm this theory. For Curie’s discoveries in Physics and chemistry she became the first women ever to receive a Noble Peace Prize let alone two. She won her first in 1903 for physics and her second was won in 1911 for chemistry. Source of info: [] Photo from: [] = **Robert A. Millikan** = Born: 1868 Died: 1953 Millikan was American Born in the Middle West. He attended high school in Iowa and went to college to further his education in Oberlin College of Ohio in 1886. During his College years he became passionate in mathematics and Greek. It was only after 2 years of taking up a teaching position in physics which he really loved. This inspired him to receive his mastership in physics and later his Ph.D. at Columbia University. After writing several well-known books in the field of Physics, Robert Millikan began to conduct a few curious experiments of his own. One major discovery for Millikan was when he declared that electrons actually carried a single negative charge. He did so with his oil-drop experiment by spraying a mist of oil droplets into a chamber. Below the chamber were two magnetic plates and in the top was a very small hole for the droplets to fall. Millikan then introduced an X-ray source to the falling droplets that can cause a charge to take place in matter. When the radiation source did not hit the oil droplet the drop would fall at its terminal velocity. When the radiation did strike the oil droplet it would fall much slower, stop, or even float back up. This would indicate that the electrical charge created by the X-ray was stronger than the gravitational force. Robert Millikan then stated that the electronic force was (e- = 1.6 x 10-19 coulombs) and was considered to be the charge of one electron. For his discoveries Robert Millikan was awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 1923. Sources of Info: [] [] Photo from: [|http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Millikan’s_oil-drop_apparatus_1.jpg]

=Ernest Rutherford=



Born: 1871 Died: 1937 Ernest Rutherford was born on a small farm in New Zealand to a family of 12 brothers and sisters. He graduated from the University of New Zealand and became a teacher. He put down his teaching career when he was given the opportunity to study at Cambridge University through a scholarship. He would later be the first person to graduate from Sir J.J. Thompson in his Cavendish Laboratory. In 1911, he began his famous Gold foil experiment where he shot radioactive particles at gold foil. He set his experiment up by setting te radioactive material in a block of lead with a little hole so he could concentrate or shoot the particles at the foil. The foil then had a 360 degree curtain of an indicator screen that showed where it was hit with the particles. When he shot the particles he was surprised when they seemed to deflect or even sometimes bounce back. From this Rutherford concluded his own atomic theory. Rutherford published his atomic theory that stated that the atom had a very large (massive) center nucleus that is positive and had surrounding negative electrons. He suggested that most of the atoms mass was contained in the nucleus while the electron area was mostly empty space based off his estimation that only 1 out of every 8000 were deflected.

** Rutherford-Bohr Atomic Model **



Rutherford and Bohr teamed up to create this atomic model. Instead of having a cloud of electrons, that are placed randomly. There are electrons that going traveling through specific orbitals surrounding the nucleus in the center. They thought that since the electrons are so small, the rest of the atom must be positive. They were not sure what the positive charge was made up but they had an idea.

Source of info: [] [|www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline/pages/1911.html] Source of pic(s): [] [] [] =Niels Bohr= Born: 1885 Died: 1962 Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen where he later married to his wife Ellen and began teaching at Copenhagen University as a professor of physiology. Leading up to his career he gained his Master’s degree in 1909 and his Doctorates in 1911 both for physics. His brother also joined him at the University as a professor of mathematics. Leading up to his career Bohr gained his Master’s degree in 1909 and his Doctorates in 1911 both for physics. During his time as a student at Copenhagen he caught interest in a prize awarded by the Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen. The contest asked for the solution to a certain scientific problem. Niels Bohr then investigated this problem. After conducting many experiments and testing many theories on the matter in his father’s basement he then submitted his conclusions. Bohr ended up winning the contest and receiving the gold medal prize offered. This was published in //The Transactions of the Royal Society,// in 1908. Later on Bohr followed and studied with two physiologists that played a crucial role in how we know and understand the atom today. He did experimental work with the guidance of Sir J.J. Thompson. However, on the side Bohr also did his own theoretical work. After that he helped Ernest Rutherford with radioactive explorations about the absorption of alpha rays. Bohr then decided that he should move on to his own studies. Going of the discovery of the nucleus he had learned in his time with Rutherford he combined it with theories from Quantum physics. This proposed improvement on Rutherford’s idea put the electrons on different energy levels or shells. Bohr Stated that each electron had a specific path or orbit it followed around the nucleus much like the planets and the sun. These orbits had a specific distance from the nucleus.

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1915-1950 Erwin Schrodinger Born: 1887 Died: 1961 Schrodinger was born in Vienna and homeschooled during his childhood. He first became interested in Physics when he studied at the University of Vienna under his professor Fritz Hasenohrl. After these studies he served as an artillery officer in the First World War. After the war was over he took up a teaching position in 1920 at the University of Zurich. Six years later in the end of his time at Zurich, he made his most important discovery. After reading of Niels Bohr’s discovery he said that it would be impossible to given a specific route the electrons take. He proposed an electron cloud model which stated that electrons had a vague path but rather a cloud that concentrated where they were. He also came up with a Quantum Physics formula to locate the electron clouds and it was later named Schrodinger’s wave equation. For his work and discoveries on the wave model, Schrodinger received his noble peace prize in 1933


 * Electron Cloud Atomic Model**



The electron cloud model of the atom is an interesting model. It is theorized that the nucleus in the middle (the larger red dot) is stationary. The electrons on the other hand, are moving very quickly. The small red dot represent the electrons, moving from one place to another. It shows where thy are going and where they have been. All of the different spots add up and eventually resemble a cloud. Thus making it the Electron Cloud Model.

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[] Sir James Chadwick Born: 1891 Died: 1974 Sir James Chadwick was born in Cheshire, England. After attending Manchester High School, Chadwick went on to further his education when he attended Manchester University in 1908. After he graduated with a degree in Physics, he spent his time studying with Professor Rutherford about problems with radioactivity. Chadwick’s breakthrough discovery came in 1932 when he discovered the existence of neutrons. Neutrons are atomic particles that exist with any element like an electron, however they do not take on a charge and therefore remain neutral. He also discovered that the neutron was repelled by alpha rays and could be used in the disintegration of atoms, otherwise known as the splitting of an atom. This discovery helped lead towards the nuclear fission of uranium and the invention of the atomic bomb. For Sir James Chadwick’s pinnacle discovery in physics he won the Noble Peace Prize in 1935. Source of info: [] Photo from: [] **Werner Heisenberg** Born: 1901 Died: 1976 Werner Heisenberg grew up in Wurzberg, Germany and studied at the Maximilian school in Munich Germany. He then studied under many various physics professors when he went to the University of Munich in1920. Heisenberg gained his Ph.D. in physics in1923 and when he graduated became an assistant to Max Born as they taught at the University of Gottingen where he received honors in 1924. After many teachings and tours of lectures Heisenberg’s studies had a hick-up when he was taken prisoner by the United States during World War II. When he was released in 1946 he continued to give many lectures and some were even published into books. Of Heisenberg’s most familiar works was his principle of uncertainty that he published when he was 23 in the year 1925. He later received the Noble Peace Prize for this work in 1932. Heisenberg’s principle of uncertainty basically supported the electron cloud model. He claims that the position of an electron in an atom at any given time would be impossible to find and likewise with the electrons ‘orbit’. This theory attacked the planetary orbit model given by Niels Bohr. Instead Werner Heisenberg said that vectors of the electrons could be represented by and abstract mathematical structure in terms of matrices.

** Planetary Atomic Model ** The planetary model of the atom is the best structure we have yet. It has orbitals just like the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom but they are a little more complex. The Rutherford-Bohr model only included a negative charge and assumed that there is a positive. The planetary model has a place for protons and neutrons in the center of the atom also. Source of Info: [] [] Pictures from: http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/422-004+M.+Morris+%26+S.+Goose+Big+Timeline+Project []