Jette.+Years+1700-1800

=** Years 1700-1800 **=

= Joseph Black c.1728-1799 =

"fixed air."

 * Joseph Black** 16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799

Bio:
 * Joseph Black was a Scottish physician.
 * He was professor of Medicine at University of Glasgow (where he also served as lecturer in Chemistry).
 * James Watt, who was appointed as philosophical instrument maker at the same university (1756), became involved in Black's works and conducted experiments on steam with Black.
 * The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black.

Discoveries:
 * He is known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide.
 * In about 1750, Joseph Black developed the analytical balance based on a light-weight beam balanced on a wedge-shaped fulcrum. Each arm carried a pan on which the sample or standard weights was placed. It far exceeded the accuracy of any other balance of the time and became an important scientific instrument in most chemistry laboratories.
 * Black also explored the properties of a gas produced in various reactions. He found that limestone (calcium carbonate) could be heated or treated with acids to yield a gas he called "fixed air."
 * In 1761 Black deduced that the application of heat to ice at its melting point does not cause a rise in temperature of the ice/water mixture, but rather an increase in the amount of water in the mixture. Additionally, Black observed that the application of heat to boiling water does not result in a rise in temperature of a water/steam mixture, but rather an increase in the amount of steam. From these observations, he concluded that the heat applied must have combined with the ice particles and boiling water and become latent. The theory of latent heat marks the beginning of thermodynamics.

= = = Antoine Lavoisier c. 1743-1794 = = “I consider nature a vast chemical laboratory in which all kinds of composition and decompositions are formed. Vegetation is the basic instrument the creator uses to set all of nature in motion.” =
 * Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier** 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794

Bio:
 * Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; the " father of modern chemistry ",was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology.
 * Born to a wealthy family in Paris, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier inherited a large fortune at the age of five with the passing of his mother.
 * He attended the Collège Mazarin in 1754 to 1761, studying chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. His education was filled with the ideals of the French Enlightenment of the time, and he felt fascination for Maquois's dictionary.
 * He attended lectures in the natural sciences. Lavoisier's devotion and passion for chemistry was largely influenced by Étienne Condillac, a prominent French scholar of the 18th century.
 * His first chemical publication appeared in 1764. In collaboration with Jean-Étienne Guettard, Lavoisier worked on a geological survey of Alsace-Lorraine in June 1767. At the age of 25, he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences, France's most elite scientific society, for an essay on street lighting, and in recognition for his earlier research. In 1769, he worked on the first geological map of France.
 * In 1771, at the age of 28, Lavoisier married the 13-year-old Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, the daughter of a co-owner of the Ferme. Over time, she proved to be a scientific colleague to her husband. She translated documents from English for him, including Richard Kirwan's //Essay on Phlogiston// and Joseph Priestley's research. She created many sketches and carved engravings of the laboratory instruments used by Lavoisier and his colleagues. She edited and published Lavoisier’s memoirs (whether any English translations of those memoirs have survived is unknown as of today) and hosted parties at which eminent scientists discussed ideas and problems related to chemistry.

Discoveries:
 * He stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass, recognized and named oxygen and hydrogen, abolished the phlogiston theory.
 * Helped construct the metric system.
 * Wrote the first extensive list of elements
 * Helped to reform chemical nomenclature.
 * Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. He carefully weighed the reactants and products in a chemical reaction, which was a crucial step in the advancement of chemistry. He is considered a pioneer in stoichiometry.
 * He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.

is neither created nor destroyed in any ordinary chemical reaction.
= Henry Cavendish c.1731-1810 =

"Young People must break machines to learn how to use them; get another made!"

 * Henry Cavendish** 10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810

Bio:
 * **Henry Cavendish** was a British scientist. He was born on 10 October 1731 in Nice, France, where his family was living at the time.
 * At age 11, Cavendish was a pupil at Peter Newcome's School in Hackney. At age 18 (on 24 November 1749) he entered the University of Cambridge in St Peter's College, now known as Peterhouse, but left four years later on 23 February 1753 without graduating. His first paper, "Factitious Airs", appeared thirteen years later, in 1766.
 * Cavendish was silent and solitary, and was viewed as somewhat eccentric by many. He only spoke to his female servants by notes and formed no close personal relationships outside his family. By one account, Cavendish had a back staircase added to his house in order to avoid encountering his housekeeper because he was especially shy of women.
 * The contemporary accounts of his personality have led some modern commentators, such as Oliver Sacks, to speculate that he had Asperger syndrome, though he may merely have been painfully shy. His only social outlet was the Royal Society Club, whose members dined together before weekly meetings. Cavendish seldom missed these meetings, and was profoundly respected by his contemporaries. However his shyness made those who "sought his views... speak as if into vacancy. If their remarks were...worthy, they might receive a mumbled reply."
 * Because of his asocial and secretive behavior, Cavendish often avoided publishing his work, and much of his findings were not even told to his fellow scientists.
 * Cavendish died in 1810 as one of the wealthiest men in Britain.

Discoveries:
 * He is noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called "inflammable air".
 * He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper "On Factitious Airs". Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name.
 * Cavendish is also known for the Cavendish experiment, his measurement of the Earth's density, and early research into electricity.
 * In the late nineteenth century, long after his death, James Clerk Maxwell looked through Cavendish's papers and found things for which others had been given credit. Examples of what was included in Cavendish's discoveries or anticipations were Richter's Law of Reciprocal Proportions, Ohm's Law, Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, principles of electrical conductivity (including Coulomb's Law), and Charles's Law of Gases.

=Work Cited For This Page:= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Black http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-black http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BLA/joseph-black.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier http://www.mi.mun.ca/users/edurnfor/1100/atomic%20structure/tsld004.htm http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish