422-003+Big+Time+Line+Project+C.+Ward+Big+Timeline+Project


 * __Atomic Theory Timeline__**
 * By Cody Ward**


 * Major World Events:**
 * **Ancient Times**
 * **500-1800**
 * **1800-1875**
 * **1875-1900**
 * **1900-1915**
 * **1915-1950**
 * **1950-Current**

**__Ancient Times__**
 * Eratosthenes accurately calculates the diamter of Earth ca. 300 B.C.
 * The Chinese first produce paper ca. 160 B.C.
 * Glass blowing is invented ca. 90 B.C.


 * __500-1800[[image:350px-Black_Death.jpg width="191" height="87" align="right"]]__**
 * Black Plague devastates Europe in 1340s
 * Columbus sails in 1492
 * French Revolution in 1789


 * __1800-1875[[image:250px-Huxley_-_Mans_Place_in_Nature.jpg width="179" height="85" align="right"]]__**
 * The University of Berlin is established in 1810
 * Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815
 * Charles Darwin publishes Origin of Species in 1859


 * __1875-1900__**
 * The first commercial telephone exchange is made in New Haven, Connecticut during 1878
 * First electrical power plant and grid in Godalming, Britain esatblished in 1881
 * The U.S. gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War in 1898

**__1900-1915__**
 * Einstein revolutionizes physics in 1905
 * Russian Revolution of 1905
 * Titanic sinks in 1912


 * __1915-1950[[image:200px-Nagasakibomb.jpg width="185" height="200" align="right"]]__**
 * Robert Goddard makes the first flight of a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926
 * Atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima in 1945
 * Korean War begins in 1950


 * __1950-Current__**
 * Hubble Telescope is launched in 1990
 * World Trade Centers attacked in 2001
 * Red Sox win first World Series title since 1918


 * Scientists and Discoveries:**
 * **Ancient Times**
 * **466-1700**
 * **1700-1800**
 * **1800-1875**
 * **1875-1900**
 * **1900-1915**
 * **1915-1950**


 * __Ancient Times__**
 * Leucippus
 * Democritus
 * Aristotle

__Leucippus (ca. 489 BC - ca. 420 BC)__ __Country of Origin: Greece__ Leucippus was one of the main founders of atomism, the idea that everything is made up of indivisible elements called atoms. He is the famous teacher of Democritus, of whom all of his knowledge was passed down to. Leucippus is also well known for the idea that since movement exists, there has must be a vacuum.

__Democritus (ca. 460 BC - ca 370 BC)__ __Country of Origin: Greece__ Democritus helped come up with the idea that all matter is made up of indivisible units, which he called atoms, He was created a theory explaining that there are elements that always existed but could be changed into many different forms. He argued that atoms had several many properties for example, size shape and even weight. He believed that atoms that had hooks to attatch to each other formed a solid, while there are atoms that are very fine and small that slip past each other.

__Aristotle (ca. 384 BC - ca. 322 BC)__ __Country of Origin: Greece__ Aristole is best known for the idea that the all matter is made up of four main elements. These four elements were known as earth, water, air, and fire. These elements would react with each other and formed things that accorded to the elements used.


 * __466-1700__**
 * Robert Boyle
 * Johann Rudolf Glauber

__Robert Boyle (25 January, 1627 – 30 December, 1691)__ __Country of Origin: Ireland__ __Johann Rudolf Glauber (March 10, 1604 – March 16, 1670)__ __Country of Origin: Germany__


 * __1700-1800__**
 * Joseph Black
 * Antoine Lavoisier
 * Charles Augustin de Coulomb

__Joseph Black (April 16, 1728 - December 6, 1799)__ __Country of Origin: Scotland__ Joseph Black was a Scottish chemist and he is most known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. In 1756 Black described how carbonates become more alkaline when they lose carbon dioxide. He was the first person to isolate carbon dioxide in a perfectly pure state. This was an important step in the history of chemistry because it helped people to realize that air was not an element, but was actually made up of many different things.

__Antoine Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794)__ __Country of Origin: France__ Antoine was said to be the father of modern chemistry. In his lifetime he stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass. in 1778 he recognized oxygen and in 1783, hyrdogen. He introduced the metric system and even wrote the first extensive list of elements.

__Charles Augustin de Coulomb (June 14, 1736 - died August 23, 1806)__ __Country of Origin: France__ Coulumb is known for finding the first measurements of the force of attraction between oppositely charged particles. Between 1785 and 1791 he discovered that the force of attraction was directly proportional to the product of the charges on the two objects as well as inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects.

__**1800-1875**__
 * John Dalton
 * William Crookes
 * Amedeo Avogadro

__John Dalton (September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844)__ __Country of Origin: England__ John Dalton is well known for his development of the atomic theory. He explained that all matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. Dalton also stated that atoms can be niether created nor destroyed. He also came up with the ideas for the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions.

This picture shows how Dalton viewed the atom, a tiny sphere that is indivisible.

__William Crookes (17 June, 1832 – 4 April, 1919)__ __Country of Origin: England__ William Crookes made many discoveries during his life. In 1861 he discovered an unknown element with and named it thallium. Also, in 1895 he identified the first known sample of helium. He had many experiments with cathode rays (electrons) and is responsible for the creation of the Crookes tube.

__Amedeo Avogadro (August 9, 1776 – July 9, 1856)__ __Country of Origin: Italy__ Avogadro is well noted for his contributions to theories of molarity and molecular weight. The number of atoms or other particles in one mole of a substance is 6.023x1023, also known as Avogadro's number.

__**1875-1900**__
 * Wilhelm C. Röentgen
 * Henri Becquerel
 * J.J. Thomson

__Wilhelm C. Röentgeon (March 27, 1845 – February 10, 1923)__ __Country of Origin: Germany__ Wilhel was known for his study in cathode rays. Then on a November afternoon in 1895 while conducting another experiment he dicovered a new kind of ray, an X-ray.

__Henri Becquerel (December 15, 1852 – August 25, 1908)__ __Country of Origin: France__ Henri Becquerel was one of the main scientists responsible for the discovery of radioactivity. He stated that certain substances, such as Uranium, give off x-rays even when they are not simulated by light. He considered these elements radioactive, whose atoms are decaying. Particles from the atom break away and release energy that held the atom together.

__J.J. Thomson (December 18, 1856 – August 30, 1940)__ __Country of Origin: England__

J.J. Thomson was another scientist who worked with cathode rays. He stated that the cathode rays are negatively charged and that they are composed of identical negatively charged particles, known as electrons. Thomson discovered that the electron has a very high charge dispite its tiny mass. He is also responsible for the creation of the plum pudding model.

The plum pudding model was suggested in 1904 before the discovery of the atomic nucleus. In this model, the atom is composed of electrons surrounded by a cloud of positive charge to balance the electron's negative charge. The electrons were thought to be stationed all around the atom.

__**1900-1915**__
 * Marie Curie
 * Ernest Rutherford
 * Robert Millikan
 * Neils Bohr

__Marie Curie (November 7, 1867 – July 4, 1934)__ __Country of Origin: Poland__

Marie was responsible for the discovery the radioactive elements polonium and radium. She was the first to prove that atoms of the same elements are continually breaking down, all by themselves. In breaking down such elements give off radiation that can pass through many other materials called radioactive materials.

__Robert Millikan (March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953)__ __Country of Origin: America__ Robert was an American physicist and in 1923 he wont the Nobel Prize for his measurement of the charge of an electron. He also also well known for his work on the photoelectric effect. Millikan later began to study cosmic rays.

__Ernest Rutherford (August 30, 1871 - October 19, 1937)__ __Country of Origin: England__ Ernest is well known for conducting the experiment that allowed him to see that there is a positve charge at the center of an atom, known as the nucleus, by shooting rays at gold. When the rays shot back he concluded that the rays were in fact deflecting off of something inside the atoms occasionally. He is also responsible for the creation of the planetary model around 1911.

Rutherford explained that in this model, the electron clouds of the atom do not influence alpha scattering. A large number of the atom's charges, up to a number equal to about half the atomic mass in hydrogen units, are concentrated in very small volume at the center of the atom.

__Neils Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962)__ __Country of Origin: Denmark__ Around 1913 Bohr developed the model of a hydrogen atom. He established a theory that states electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atom's nucleus, with the chemical properties of an element being laregly determined by the number of electrons in its The planetary model, introduced by Bohr in 1913, shows the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus. It get's name from the similar structure to the solar system.This was an improvement on all earlier models suggested before the planetary model. Since the Bohr model is a quantum-physics based modification of the Rutherford model, many sources combine the two, referring to the Rutherford-Bohr model.


 * __1915-1950__**
 * Erwin Schrodinger
 * James Chadwick
 * Werner Heisenberg

__Erwin Schrodinger (August 12, 1887 – January 4, 1961)__ __Country of Origin: Ireland__ Around 1926 Erwin used the hypothesis that electrons have a duel wave particle ability. He also developed an equation to treat electrons as waves.

__James Chadwick (October 20, 1891 – July 24, 1974)__ __Country of Origin: England__ James discovered the neutron in 1932, which was a particle in the nucleus of an atom. It was a helpful discovery, one that explored the components of the atomic nucleus.

__Werner Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976)__ __Country of Origin: Germany__ Werner attempted to detect electrons by interaction with photons. He created the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which stated that it is impossible to determine both, the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle.

The electron cloud model explains that it is impossible to tell the velocity and position of an electron. It shows the region of where an electron can be, but not the specific place.


 * __Bibliography:__**

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001196.html http://www.wikipedia.org/
 * Major World Events:**

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemists http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/index.html
 * Scientists and Discoveries:**

http://chemistry.about.com/od/historyofchemistry/ig/Pictures-of-Famous-Chemists/index.htm http://www.wikipedia.org/ http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Honors+Art+Pieces
 * Pictures:**