The+answers+to+chapter+4+questions

4: page 124, 4, 5, 8, 15, 19b, 26-38 4: ROYGBIV: Red, oranage, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet 5: The wave theory could not explain teh photoelectric effect or hydrogen's line-emission spectrum. 8: The ground state of an atom is the atom's lowest energy state. An excited state of an atom is an energy state that is higher in energy than the atom's ground state. 15: The Bohr model was valid only for a single-electron atom, and it did not explain the chemical nature of atoms. 19a:the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus. 19b: 1,3,5,7 26a:an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that it can. 26b: In a multi-electron atom, the lowest-energy orbital is filled first. Electrons are then added to the orbital with the next lowest energy, and so on, until all of the electrons in the atom have been placed in orbitals. 27a:Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron. 27b: By placing as many single electrons as pssible in separate orbitals in the same energy leve, electron-electron repulsion is minimized and favorable lower-energy arrangements result. 28a: No two electrons in the same atom can have the same four quantum numbers. 28b:The two different values of the spin quantum numbers permit two electrons of opposite spin states to occupy the same orbital. 29a: The highest occupied energy level in an atom is the highest electron-containing level in orbital diagram. 29b: Inner-shell electrons are electrons that form the closest nobel gas configuration 30a: n=1 30b: n=2 30c-e: n=3,4,5 31: You know how to do this 32a: 1s2 2s1 32b:1s2 2s2 2p2 32c:1s2 2s2 2p4 34d:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 (note: the highest energy orbital is the 3p1, and there are 3 valence electrons total) 33a: 8 33b: 8 33c: 33d: 2 33e: second main energy level 33f: 2 33g: 1s orbital 34: group 18 34b: a noble-gas configuration refers to an outer main energy level occupied, in most cases, by eight electrons. 35a: [Ne] 3s2 3p5 35b: [Ar]4s2 35c: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 36: It has the same 10 electrons as Neon as well as two more is the 3s orbital 36b: magnesium 37: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1, [Ne] 3s1 37b: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2, [Kr] 5s2 37c: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3, [Ne] 3s2 3p3 38a: boron 38b: fluorine 38c: magnesium 38d: silicon 38e: chlorine 38f: potassium 38g: iron

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