Burgess-Chrost.MMA.2010.atomichistory

ATOMIC HISTORY TIMELINE BY ALEXANDRA BURGESS-CHROST

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Democritus (460-370 B.C) 
 * Democritus was born in Abdera in Thrace in 460 B.C. His father was very wealthy which gave him the opportunity to travel to many places to expand his knowledge. He visited Egypt, Asia and Greece. While he was in Greece, he was learning more about his culture. Democritus was known to have a high esteem and to be comical. He had a mentor, Leucippus, and is often mentioned alongside of him for his discoveries.**
 * Democritus' major discover was to formulating the atomic theory. His atomic theory stated that all matter was composed of small, indivisible particles know as atoms. He said that if you kept dividing matter into smaller parts, you would end up with small particles you could not destroy, called atoms. He said that atoms have always existed and can't be destroyed.**


 * __Aristotle__ (384-322 B.C.) **
 * Born in Stageira, Chalcidice, Aristotle studied many things. He studied physics, poetry, zoology, metaphysics, and much more. He defined not four, but five elements. These included wind, water, earth, fire, and aether, also know as the stars and planets. He performed experiments on optics. Aristotle studied more about biology than he did physics but was still a very influential philiosopher in the world. He died at a young age of 61 or 62.​**


 * __Leucippus__ (First Half of the 5th Century)**


 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leucippe_%28portrait%29.jpg/200px-Leucippe_%28portrait%29.jpg align="left"]] Leucippus is usually mentioned with Democritus. Many of his findings and work were not recorded. Although, he did open up a school in Abdera. There he taught Democritus about atoms. He also talked about vacuum. He said that without movement, there is no such thing as a vacuum.**

**Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)**  
 * Isaac Newton was born in Lincolnshire England. Newton was thought to be one of the greatest mathematicians of his generation. He is also a scientist, alchemist, natural philosopher, theologian, and physicist. His mother tried to force him into farming, which he wanted nothing to do with. Newton ended up being one of the top ranking students from his high school and continued on to Trinity College in Cambridge.**
 * During his life, he accomplished writing one of the most powerful books in the history of science, called the Principia (1687). This book included descriptions of the three laws of motion, universal gravitation, mechanics, planetary motion, celestial bodies, and scientific revolution. He formulated an equation for the law of cooling. Isaac Newton also invented the reflecting telescope and concentrated on the speed of sound. He was afraid of criticism on his work, hoping not to cause controversy. In Newton's last years, he explains that the world is to "end" in 2060 and that God rules over everything that is done in our universe.**


 * John Dalton (1766-1844) **
 * [[image:http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/sites/science/img/16455_mdhfgjehr.jpg align="left"]]John Dalton was extremely important in the world of chemistry. He said that all matter was composed of atoms. Dalton basically created chemistry from scratch and created the first periodic table. According to him, compounds are combinations of two to three different kinds of atoms and a chemical reaction is simply a rearrangement of atoms. He also said that the atoms of a given element have identical mass and properties.**






 * Here's what John Dalton's periodic table looked like:**


 * Michael Faraday (1791-1867)[[image:http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMmnMichaelFaradayM.jpg width="212" height="303" align="right"]]**


 * Farday was an English chemist born one mile south of the London bridge. He came up with so many theories and discoveries. To name a few, there are his laws of induction, the Faraday effect, and the Faraday laws of electrolysis. He studied chemistry, magnetism, and electricity. Faraday is extremely important in the engineering field.**


 * Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)**
 * Roentgen was born in 1845 in Rhenish, Russia. He is known for creating the first x-ray. He used a cardboard box and cathode rays in order to make the x-ray. Electrostatic charge was passed through the Crookes Tube and created a new type of ray. It was also known as the "Roentgen Ray", but he preffered the simpler name. Roentgen won the Nobel Prize in Physics for this.**


 * Marie Curie (1867-1934) **

 Maria Sklodowska (Marie Curie) was from Warsaw, Poland and studied Chemistry, mainly radioactivity. She worked with her husband, Pierre Curie, in a warehouse. She discovered nuclear chemistry, while helping with the discovery of Polonium and Radium and came up with "radioactivity". She sorted through pitcheblende and found out that there is 1 GRAM of Radium in 7 tons of pitchblende. For this, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry/Physics.


 * Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) **


 * Becquerel was born in P[[image:henri-becquerel.jpg width="233" height="315" align="left" caption="henri-becquerel.jpg"]]aris, France in 1852. He came from a family with four generations of scientists. He is well known for working with radioactivity. He discovered this by searching through Uranium and various other elements. Orginally, he was trying to find phosphoresence, he accidently discovered radioactivity. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. **

J.J. Thomson was born in 1856 in Manchester, England. He is well known for many achievements. Thomson discovered the electron. He used cathode rays to find that atoms are divisible. From this discovery, the plum pudding model was formed. He found that hydrogen contained one electron, compared to the previous theories that said that there was more than one. Thomson also worked with isotopes, mass spectrometry and discovered the radioactivity of the element Potassium (K). He won the Nobel Prize in 1906//.//
 * J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) **

J.J. Thomson created a Crookes Tube. This was an evacuated glass tube with metal on the inside. It sent current from a cathode to an anode. It contained magnets that were able to detect current. It turns out that "normal" light is not affected by magnets.


 * [[image:http://www.aip.org/history/electron/images/crookes.jpg width="316" height="175" align="left"]]​**


 * Robert Millikan (1868-1953)**
 * Robert Millkian was born in the United States. He found out the atomic structure and that there are negative charges in electrons. He created the oil drop experiment. He used an electric field to determine the oil droplets gravitational and buoyant forces. Millikan also worked with the theory of light and studied the advanced cosmic rays. He believed that the cosmic rays were made up of high energy photons.**


 * Albert Einstein (1879-1955)**


 * [[image:http://www.yeshua-do.com/jom/images/stories/einstein_tongue.jpg width="238" height="295" align="left"]]Albert Einstein was born in Ulm within the German Empire. He was a Jew and grew up in the time of the Holocaust. He is one of the world's most famous scientists. Einstein is known as the "father of modern physics". He discovered the equation E=mc2. He also studied statistical physics and thermodynamics.**


 * Neils Bohr (1885-1962)**
 * Neils Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1885. He grew up with his mother, father, and brother. The siblings loved playing football, but Bohr applied and got accepted to Copenhagen University. While he was there, he studied mathematics and philosophy and performed experiments dealing with surface tension. Bohr studied atoms, including: the theory of how electrons orbited around the an atom's nucleus, the quantum theory, and he modeled the atomic structure.**
 * Neils made many contributions to chemistry and physics, he even was awarded a Nobel prize. He created the liquid drop model of the nucleus, worked with quantum theory, invented the Bohr model of the atom, and the shell model of an atom. He also discovered the isotope for Uranium. Even after Bohr died, he still was recognized. An institute was named after him, an asteroid, along with two elements. Neils Bohr also got the Atoms for Peace Award, where he was the first one to ever get it.**




 * Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)**
 * Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand. He was a physicist as well as a chemist. Rutherford explored radiation and named the alpha and beta rays coming from uranium and thorium. He found out that elements that emitted radiation have a "half life". His gold foil experiment helped him study radiation. The alpha particles were shot at a sheet of gold foil and Rutherford found out that they bounced back. He discovered the element rutherfordium and the atomic nucleus. From these discoveries, he earned the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. Ernest Rutherford also named the positive particles protons, which are found inside the nucleus of an atom.**


 * James Chadwick (1891-1974)**
 * James Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire in 1891. He went to various colleges including Liverpool and Cambridge Universities. He majored in physics. Chadwick worked with other scientists, Rutherford and Geiger. His biggest discovery was the neutron. Because of this, he made it possible for fission in Uranium. He was given the Hughes Medal after his discovery. Now that the neutron was detected, it was possible to make heavier elements.**
 * James Chadwick inspired other scientists. Chadwick's discovery of the neutron helped Enrico Fermi and Otto Hahn created nuclear fission.**
 * Importantly enough, James Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in 1935 for discovery the neutron! ​**


 * ​Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)**
 * Werner was born in Wurzburg, Germany in 1901. He is known for the uncertainty principle. It states that we can only be 99% positive that something is in a certain place at one time. As for the other 1%, the object could be somewhere else. This is part of quantum physics, which is was Heisenberg studied. He also studied the atomic nucleus, turbulent flow, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles.**


 * Erwin Schroedinger (1887-1961)**

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 * Erwin Schroedinger was born in 1887 in Austria. He came up with the Schroedinger equation. This is an equation that described waves, how they form, and how they alter when outside sources influence them.**

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 * __ATOMIC HISTORY MODELS__**​

The planetary model is also referred to as the Rutherford-Bohr model. The nucleus contains the protons (positive) and neutrons (no charge). The electrons (negative) cirlce, or orbit, around the nucleus.



Here is the Rutherford-Bohr model. It is the simplest model of the atom. It is maily used in quantum mechanics and helps people understand valence electrons, the spectrum, and how the atom works with electrons, protons, and neutrons.



This is the electron cloud model. Basically, it represents the where abouts of the electrons in an atom. The black dot in the middle represents the nucleus. Quantum mechanics also plays a part with this model because there is a 99% possibility that the electron could be in one place with 1% of being unsure where it is.



Here is the speheical, indivisible model of the atom. John Dalton created this model. It represented that all the particles of the atom were electrically neutral.



Here is what the Plum Pudding model looks like. The "positive" pieces in the drawing represent the protons and the "negative" parts represent the electron. The reason it is called the Plum Pudding model is because the electrons are like the plum pieces floating around in a bowl of pudding.

__**NOW FOR SOME** **//QUALITY//** **ENTERTAINMENT...**__​

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