Cantwell+and+Brandon+atomic+timeline

Zachary Cantwell and Chris Brandon's atomic history timeline fall 2010.

Leucippus was the originator of the theory that the universe consists of two different elements, which he called ‘the full’ or ‘solid,’ and ‘the empty’ or ‘void’ he also beleived that the two things went on forever or in other words infinite. little is know about leucippus and some even queation if he even existed, his work was fallowed up by democritus and thats why when you hear about Leucippus he is also reffered to the co finder with democritus.
 * __Ancient Times (450 AD and Earlier)__**
 * **Leucippus**

[] Aristotle was born in 384 bc Thrace, aristole had science involed in his life from day one. aristototle moved to athens later in his life to work with palto and thats really were he started to devlop his ideas of science in general. He also beleived a great deal in physicis, he stated that matter is made up of four elements fire, water, air, and earth. Aristotle was cleary the first to collect scientific information. He created a school that had the first science department that was excellent in biology. these are the methods that arestotle used when he was going about his scienentific descoveries.
 * **Aristotle**
 * 1) defining the subject matter
 * 2) considering the difficulties involved by reviewing the generally accepted views on the subject, and suggestions of earlier writers
 * 3) presenting his own arguments and solutions.



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Democritus was born in 460 bc. Democritus did not originate the atomic theory; he learned it from its founder, Leucippus, the author of the //Big Cosmology//. Demoocritus ended up adding on to the ideas of leucippus that atoms are inififnte in numbers and can not be imperceptible do to there small size. He also stated that atoms move around in empty space and when they combinded together that is when they would form a substances. Democritus theory had four main parts to it:  Elements are composed of extremely small particles called //atoms.// All atoms of a given element have identical properties, and those properties differ from those of other elements. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with one another in small whole numbers. The relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
 * **Democritus**

Read more: [|Atoms - Chemistry Encyclopedia - reaction, water, elements, gas, number, salt, property, molecule, mass, atom, The Greek Atomistic Philosophy, The Rise of Experimentation] [] [], [],

Roger Becon was born 1214 and died in 1292. He moved around france spreading the teachings of arisotle and the scientific discoviers that he had made. he opened up two science schools in france and tought about the scientific discovereis but he died shortly after and did not come up with any of his own ideas and was quickly forgotten about for lack of followers.
 * __450 A.D.-1700__**
 * **Roger Bacon**

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Robert boyle was born 1627 in ireland and died 1691. During the restoration of the british monarchy, boyle played a key role in founding the royal society and to watch over this new veiw of science. Boyles interest were in chemistry, but he first pulished his scientific work on the spring of air and its effects. he concentrated on the physical nature of air, and did several experiments which involed air pumps to create a vacum. he later came up with a set of laws that became know as boyle's law. "In a scientific manner, we can fix any two of the four primary properties and study the nature of the relationship between the other two by varying one and observing the variation of the other. This slide shows a schematic [|"gas lab"] in which we can illustrate the variation of the various properties. In the lab a theoretical gas is confined in a blue container. The volume of the gas is shown in yellow and is determined by the position of a red piston. The volume can be changed by moving the red piston using the red screw at the top of the piston. The number of moles of the gas is indicated by the number of small black "molecules" in the volume. The moles can be changed by injecting or withdrawing molecules using the pump at the left. There are two probes inserted into the bottom of the container to measure the pressure and the temperature. The pressure can be changed by adding or removing green weights from the top of the red piston, and the temperature can be changed by heating the container with the "torch" at the bottom." []
 * **Robert Boyle**

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Sir Issac Newton was born in 1642 in a place called Woolsthorpe, England he died in 1727. Sir Isaac newton was one of the most famous scientist that had contributed to the feilds of science. He also had a big impact on theoretical astronony were he defined the laws of motion and universal gravitation which inturn allowed him to perdict the motions of stars.
 * **Sir Isaac Newton**

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Antoine Lavoisier was born 1743 in paris and died 1794. was consider the father of modern day chemistry and came out with the first chemistry text book. He conducted the first real quantitative tests on matter, which his results supported the conservation of matter. He discovered that water and air are not elements but compounds and mixtures. He also disproved the theory of phlogiston in objects that are combustible.
 * __1700-1800__**
 * **Antoine lavoisier**

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Andreas sigismund Marggraf was a german chemist that was born in Prussia, Germany march 3, 1709, he died in berlin august 7, 1782. Marggraf worked as an assistant for his father for the chemical laboratory of the German Academy of Sciences of Berlin. One of Marggrafs big dicovery of beet sugar in 1974, this discovery helped devlop the modren sugar industry. He was also a pioneer in analytical chemistry, he proved that alumia, magnesia, and lime are distinct earths. He was also able to improve the commerical peperations of phosphours.
 * ** Andreas Sigismund Marggraf **

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Joseph Louis Proust was born september 26, 1754 in angers, france he died july 5, 1826. Proust was the one who came up with the law of deifinite Proportions or otherwise know as Prousts law. Which states that the reletive quantities of any given pure chemical compound's constituent elements remain invariant, regardless of the compounds source. In 1808 John Dalton published his law of multiple proportions at the time it was clear wether he had taken the ideas from Proust or if he had came up with it on his own. Proust was pushed aside with his thoughts and what he had came up with and Dalton was given full credit for the discovery.
 * **Joseph Louis Proust**

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__**1800-1875**__


 * **John Dalton**

John Dalton was an English Chemist, Meteorologist, and a Physicist, he was born september 6, 1766 and died july 27, 1844. Dalton was famous for the atomic theory. Daltons atomic theory had three parts to it, one Each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms, two All atoms of a given element have the same mass and other properties that distinguish them from the atoms of other elements, three Atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds. Dalton also contributed to science with his ideas of partial pessure which is the pessure due to any individual component in a gas mixture.

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Wilhelm C. Roentgen was born march 25, 1845 in Russia and died feburary 10, 1923 in Germany. Wilhelms biggist discovery was the x-ray and it is still used today all over the world in every hospital. He came about the dicovery of e-rays from his studies on cathod rays, when one night he was doing experiments and came across some form of rays that were very foreign to him, he called them x-rays. He found out that theses rays allowed him to see the bones that lied underneath the skin, he tryed this out on his wifes hand and found that he could see the bones that made up her hand.
 * **Wilhelm C. Roentgen**

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Antoine Henri Becquerel was born December 15, 1852 in paris an died August 25, 1908 in Le Croisic. Henri came form a line of very distinguished scholoars and scientist in his family. His work consited of the studys of radiations which had just been discovered by Rontgen and his x-ray. He showed that the rays emitted by uranium caused gases to ionize and that they were different form those in x-rays because they could be deflected by electric and magnetic fields. He was award half of the noble prize for the dicovery of spontaneous raidoactivity.
 * **Henri Becquerel**

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__**1875-1900**__ Marie Curie was born November 7,1867 in Warsaw, Poland, She died July 4, 1934 in Haute Savoie. Marie was the first women of her time in france to persue doctroal work. She decide that her studies would be on uranic rays because uranium emitted these rays she was determined to find other elements that did the same. Marie ended up discovering two elements Polonium and Radium, she noticed that radium was so redioactive that it gave of heat and gave off a green glow. She also changed the name uranic rays to radioactivity, and won the noble prize for physics.
 * **Marie Curie**

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Robert Milikan was born march 22, 1868 in the united states and later died in 1953. He was able to get his master in physics and shortly after got his Ph.D. He got his Ph.D. for his work and research on the polarization of light emitted by incandescent surfaces. Milikan also dicovered the charge of the electron through several of his studys and experiments that he had made. Milikan used the oil drop experiment to discover the charge of the elctron and that is what he is know for today and they still use the oil drop experiment to this day. [], [], []
 * **Robert Milikan**

Enerest Rutherford was born August 30, 1871 in New Zealand, and died in 1937. Through his investagations on the scattering of alpha rays and the nature of the inner stucture of the atom he was able to come up with the concept of the nucleus. He came up with this concept due to the scattering of the alpha rays in the inner structure of the atom. He also proposed that most of the whole mass was positive charge and that it was concentrated in a minute space at the center of the atom. Rutherford also came up with the electron cloud model from his dicoveries of the positive charge in the center of the atom. Rutherford was most know for was his gold foil experiment where he fired small particles into a thin peice of gold. What he found was that the particle didnt go right through instead it bounced of in every direction and that some would even come shooting right back at him from this he proposed that the atom was made mostly of empty space.
 * **Enerest Rutherford**

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 * __1900-1915__**

JJ thomson was born December 18, 1856 in manchester and later died August 30, 1940. Thomson discovered the electron through a series of experiments for the studying of the nature of electric discharge in a high vacum cathode ray tube. Thomson was able to interpet the data by the deflection of the rays by electrically charged plates and magnets. He determined that there were bodies much smaller than atoms and he was able to make cacluations on this and was able to determine the charge from his findings. From this he created the plum pudding model which was a sphere of positive matter with electrons scattered through out it with a negitive charge.
 * **JJ Thomson**

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Neils Bohr was born October 7, 1885 in Denmark and died 1962. Bohr discoverd that the electrons did not just float randomly in an atom but that they orbited around the nucleus and that they were on set levels of energy at fixed distances from the nucleus. He also stated that if an atom were to gain energy that the electron would jump to the next energy level further away from the nucleus. If the energy was radiated energy that it would fall to a level closer to the nucleus. From this he came up with the bohr model which was a more improved model of that in which Thomson had came up with. Bohr also came up with the concept of quantum physics, both of his findings were huge in the scientific world.
 * **Neils Bohr**

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, Erwin Schrodinger was born August 12, 1887 in Austria and died January 4, 1961. Schrodinger was a physicist that contributed to the way theory of matter and other fundamentals of quantum mechanics. Schrodinger was one of the leading physicist that was working on the department of quantum mechanics. He found out that when Frequency and wavelenght were put in to the general wave equations that it now became possible to express energy and momentum as a wave function. The wave mechanics were used to mathmatically describe the behavior of the electrons and atoms. His equation was found to be a lot easy to use then what people frist thought of it.
 * **__Erwin Schrodinger__**

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__**1915-1950**__ James Chadwick was born 1891 in England and died in 1974. Chadwick discovered the neutron and cleared up a lot of unanswered questions about the atom and the charges that were inside of it, he was also able to come up with a more improved model of the atom. Chadwick was able to make this discovery by the experiments using alpha particles and elements of beryllium and hydrogen useing the alpha particle and smashing it into the two elements. The results showed proof that there was a release of massive neutral particles, he later went on to call it a neutron. After receving the noble prize he went on to work with the british on there atomic bomb project during world war ll, he was also a advisor during the Manhattan Project which truned out to be the first atomic bomb made.
 * **James Chadwick**

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werner Heisenberg was born December 5, 1901 and later died february 1, 1976. Werner Heisenberg was a german physicist who did a lot of his work on quantum mechanincs and also did some work on nuclear physics. Heisenberg made important contributions to particle physics, quantum feild theory, and made them in nuclear physics. Heisenberg is know for his Uncertainty relation which stated " between the position and the momentum of a subatomic particle, such as an electron." This statment helped with the fundamentals of determining the future behavior of an atomic particle. He also said that charged particles bounce photons of light back and forth between them, and because of this an alactromagnetic force is created that acts between the two particles. He concluded from this that a proton shoots a photon at an electorn and the elcetron shoots one back at the proton and that it happens continously and very rapidly. John Douglas Cockcroft was a British physiscist that was born May 27, 1897 and died September 18 1967. Cockcroft was the first to create a nuclear reaction using artifically acelerated particles. He did so by bombarding lithium nuceli with prtons and was able to distinguish that the lithium nucleus was disingrated into two alpha particles. He was award the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on accelerating atomic particles.
 * **Werner Heisenberg**
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 * **John Douglas Cockcroft**

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