Fall.2008.MMA.Pattison.Philpot.Timline

** By: Graham Philpot and Eric Pattison ** Born about 460 BC Died about 370 He was born in Abdera, Greece. He expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus, who was his teacher. He thought that atoms had a density part of their volume that was impenetrable. He said that the atoms move around in an infinitely void space. He said that there was a distinction between primary and secondary motion; impulse and reaction. Born about 480 BC Died about 420 BC  It is believed that he was possibly born in Miletus, Asia Minor. Many people feel that he was the mentor of Democritus. He said that atoms are imperceptible, individual particles that only differ do to their shape and position. For a long time people did not believe that he existed because his ideas were so intertwined with those of Democritus. He is credited with developing atomism.  Born 384BC Died 322BC He was born in Stagirus, a Greek Colony. He was a Greek philosopher that studied under Plato until his death. He was best known for coming up with the five main elements; fire, earth, air, water and aether. Aether is the makeup of all the stars and the planets. Born 1642 Died 1727 He was born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire. He was a mathematician and physicist. Newton is best known for the founding of modern physical science, although he was also a great chemist. He was trying to understand the nature and make up of all matter and came up with the solid, hard, impenetrable particles that moved, as well as an incomplete theory of chemical force that was later discovered after his death.  Born 1743 Died 1794 He was born in Paris to a lawyer and was expected to attend a University to follow in his father’s footsteps. He is most known as the father of modern day chemistry. He came up with the idea of the Law of Conservation of Mass. He was well known for using the results of other people without their knowledge and trying to pass them off as his own. He wrote the first modern day text book and included in it nomenclature that he created that we still use today. He also established that there are elements like hydrogen and oxygen that are physically impossible to break down any further. Another important discovery that he made was combustion, and how it worked to produce energy. **__ Charles-Augustin de Coulomb __**  Born June 14, 1736 Died August 23, 1806 Coulomb was a French physicist that was known for developing Coulomb’s Law and the SI unit of charge. This law defines electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion. He was born in Angouleme, France and died in Paris. He was born into a well off family and had a very prestigious education. Born August 9, 1776 Died 1856 He was born in Turin, Italy to a wealthy family and was encouraged to practice law by childhood influences. He became a lawyer and began to practice ecclesiastical law. He had a successful law career but was very interested in math and physics. He started to do some of his own studies and came up with Avogadro’s Principle, which states that equal volumes of gases at the same pressure contain the same number of molecules. He also came up with Avogadro’s number, which is the number of atoms that one mole of a substance contains. That number is 6.03x10^23. Born June 17, 1832 Died April 4, 1919 He was born to a tailor in England, and got a grammar school education before attending Royal College of Chemistry in Hanover Square, London. He was an assistant at the college for a few years before starting out on his own experimenting in organic chemistry. His first major discovery was the element thallium. He later used precision math to find its atomic weight. He also discovered the selenocyanides, repulsion due to radiation and a fourth state of matter, Radiant Matter. He was a large part of many science organizations and societies. **__ John Dalton __**  Born September 6, 1776 Died July 27 1844 He was born to a poor family in England and received a minimal education at an early age. Later in life he was taught some mathematics by a distant relative, before becoming a school assistant. He owed a lot of his scientific knowledge to John Gouge a philosopher who aided in his education of the sciences. He was an early proponent of Atomic Theory, which is that matter cannot be created or destroyed. He discovered that compounds are made of two or more elements, and the same elements have identical atoms. He assisted in the founding of the idea of law of multiple proportions. He was a respected scientist who was the head of many different scientific societies. ** __ JJ Thomson __ ** Born near Manchester, England in 1856, Joseph John Thomson devoted his life to his work. He enrolled at Owens College in Manchester in 1870 and six years later he enrolled in Trinity College, where he remained for the rest of his life, becoming a professor of physics, and eventually master. The majority of Thomson’s work dealt with cathode rays and cathode ray tubes. Most notably, he found that cathode rays flowing through the tube could be deflected by a magnetic field. In 1908, he was knighted and appointed to the Order of Merit. Until his death in 1940, he remained the master of Trinity College in Cambridge. A German Physicist born in 1845 in Lennep, Prussia, he was instrumental in the discovery of X-Rays. He entered the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich in 1865 and began studying as a mechanical engineering student. Four years later he graduated with Ph.D. from the University of Zurich. In 1895 he discovered X-Rays while working with vacuum tubes and consequently won the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901. In 1923, he died of a carcinoma in the intestines, bankrupt and having chosen not to patent any of his findings. Henri Becquerel was born in Paris, France in 1852 to a distinguished family of scholars and scientists. He attended the Ecole Polytecnique and then the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees in 1872 where he studied until he became a professor in 1877. While working with Pierre and Marie Curie studying uranium salts, he found that the salts, when placed in close proximity to a photographic plate, effectively developed the plate. He thus came to realize that the salts emitted a form of radiation which would become known as spontaneous radiation. He was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in 1903, while the other half was given to Pierre and Marie Curie for their study of the radiation. **__ Marie Curie  __** Born in Warsaw in 1867, she attended public schools where she became interested in science through her father. In 1891, she attended the Sorbonne to study physics and it was there she met her husband Pierre Curie. Together and under poor conditions they focused their studies on radiation and in 1903, they were awarded half of a Nobel Prize, the other half going to Henri Becquerel, for their work with the newly discovered elements Polonium and Radium. **__ Robert Millikan  __** Robert Millikan was born in 1868 in Morrison Illinois, the son of a Reverend. In 1886, he entered Oberlin College where he excelled in Mathematics. After teaching physics for two years, he found that he had gained a strong interest in the subject and decided to pursue his graduate degrees. He became a Fellow in Physics at Columbia University and shortly thereafter earned his Ph.D. In 1923, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in measuring the charge of an electron, and on the photoelectric effect. He died in 1953. Born in New Zealand, Rutherford is known for his classification of radiation as alpha, beta and gamma rays. During his studies on radiation, he also found that the radioactive intensity of a substance decreased time and subsequently devised the term “half-life.” However, Rutherford is best known for his “gold foil experiment,” where he determined that radiation scattered when it hit the nucleus of atoms, thus proving that the nuclei are solid. As a result of this discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. **__ Niels Bohr __** Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1885 as the son of Christian Bohr, the professor of Physiology at Copenhagen University. In 1903, he entered Copenhagen University and 8 years later, earned his Ph.D. in Physics. While still a student, Bohr won an award for an experimental investigation of surface tension, however his most well known studies of the atomic model came in 1913. The Bohr model, sometimes called the Rutherford-Bohr Model, stated the atom as being a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that orbit the nucleus. This atomic model won Bohr a posthumous Nobel Prize in 1975. Werner Heisenberg was born in 1901 in Wurzburg Germany. Heisenberg attended the University of Munich to study physics where he earned his Ph.D. in 1923. In 1925, at the age of 23, Heisenberg came up with what was to become his famous uncertainty principle. This principle stated that one cannot know both the direction that an electron is moving, and its exact location at the same time. For this principle, Heisenberg won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics. Schrodinger was born in 1887 in Vienna Austria and he attended school and found interest in a wide variety of subjects, not just the scientific fields. In 1906 he enrolled in the University of Vienna and in 1910, he began his service in World War I as an artillery officer. After the war Schrodinger became very active in the field of Quantum Mechanics and eventually earned a Nobel Prize in 1933 for his famous “Schrodinger’s cat thought experiment.” Born in Cheshire England in 1891, He attended Manchester University in 1908 and subsequently graduated from the Honours School of Physics in 1911. In 1932, Chadwick made a huge leap in nuclear science when he proved the existence of neutrons. For this ground-breaking discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935. The Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom, created in 1913, was the successor to the Plum Pudding Model of JJ Thompson, and the Rutherford Model. Bohr and Rutherford concluded that the atom is made up of a positively charged nucleus with the negatively charged electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
 * __ Atomic Wiki Project __**
 * __ 450BC and Years Prior   __**
 * __ Democritus  __**
 * __ Leucippus  __**
 * __ Aristotle  __**
 * __ 1700-1800  __**
 * __ Sir Isaac Newton  __**
 * __ Antoine Lavoisier  __**
 * __ 1800-1875  __**
 * __ Amadeo Avogadro  __**
 * __ Sir William Crookes  __**
 * __ 1875-1900  __**
 * __ Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen __ **
 * __ Antoine Henri Becquerel  __**
 * __ 1900-1915  __**
 * __ Ernest Rutherford  __**
 * __ 1915-1920  __**
 * __ Werner Heisenberg  __**
 * __ Erwin Schrodinger  __**
 * __ James Chadwick  __**
 * __ Atomic Models  __**
 * __ Rutherford-Bohr Model  __**

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Planetary Model __**          The Planetary Model of the atom, created by Niels Bohr states that the electrons have a set orbit around the much denser nucleus, much like the way that the planets in the Solar System orbit around the Sun. **__ The Small, Spherical, solid, indivisible model  __**  This model was the original drawing of an atom. It is just a solid mass that cannot be broken apart or divided.

The Small, Spherical, solid, indivisible model __** This model was the original drawing of an atom. It is just a solid mass that cannot be broken apart or divided. __ ** Electron Cloud Model ** __ Represent a middle nucleus that has electrons racing around it in any direction. The electrons leave a trace that ends up looking like a cloud looking thing around the center nucleus. The nucleus is a solid mass of positively charged particles and the electrons around it are negative. This model is represented by negative particles floating around in a positive pudding like mixture. The idea behind it was that the positive pudding held the negative electrons due to electrical forces. http://www.nndb.com/people/278/000049131/ http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/democrit.htm http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democritus/ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Democritus.html http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Leucippus.html http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Lavoisier.html http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html#history http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Coulomb.html http://corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/AvogadroBio.htm http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/lanthact/biogs/crookes.html http://mhsweb.ci.manchester.ct.us/Library/webquests/atomicmodels.htm http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates 
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 * __ The Plum Pudding Model  __**
 * __ Bibliography   __**