T.+Glenn+Time+Line+Project

=//Atomic Time Line Project//=

__**Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophers**__
//**Democritus {470-380 BC}**// - Democritus was one of the first scientists to make a serious break through involving the development of the atom. He was born 470 BC, and sadly passed away in 380 BC. Democritus had one giant theory which he said all the time to people. This theortrrry was, "the universe is composed of two elements: the atoms, and the void in which they exist and move. Democritus was born in Abdera. Abdera was one of the most powerful cities around the Aegean Sea. It is said that Democritus lived for a very long time. Possible until he was about 90 or so. In Democritus's long life, he did many great things that influenced many people into the wonderful world of science. He published many books and actually published an encyclopidia. All of these things were such an amazing thing for science to have at the time. Although, no matter what he did, the most amazing thing that he did was all the things involving his atomic theory. Although Democritis did a lot of awesome work revolving around the atomic theory, he was amazingly not it's founder. The founder ws none other then Leucippus. Leucippus was the author of the Big Cosmology. All this work sadly has vanished but bits of their work can be some what recovered by Aristotle. Although, most of this work has disappeared forever and will never be seen again. Many scientists today search for his work. Some have lost hope, but a select few are still believers and are very curious so they will keep on searching probably until the day that they die.



//**Aristotle {384-322 BC}**// - Aristotle was born in Stagira, Greece. Aristotle is one of the biggest influence from ancient philosophy. Aristotle spent a lot of his time studying at Plato's Academy. He spend about 20 years there. Not only did he attend this academy to be a student, but he later had the honor to teach there. After attending the academy, he traveled the world while at the same time educating a famous young man, Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great was very famous because he once nearly conquered the world! Aristotle had his mind set on educating others that he started his own school which was called Lyceum. One of many reasons why Aristotle is so well known is because of his precise and detailed observations about nature and the physical world in general. Aristotle basically opened up many gates to the study of biology for many other fine philosophers. Some of the texts that he had published were Physics, Metaphysics, Rhetoric, and Ethnics. He was influenced mostly by his father, Nicomachus. From a young age, Aristotle developed a love for philosophy, and the the logic behind it. Aristotle can sometimes be known as "the father of biology." The way in which Aristotle was able to do many of his works was by Alexander the Great funding him while serving as a king. If it weren't for Alexander, Aristotle probably wouldn't have made so many amazing discoveries! He was always sending for Aristotle to get samples of plants so that Aristotle could study them and base a lot of his logic off of them.



__**1700-1800**__
//**John Dalton {1766-1840}**// - John Dalton made one of the very fist gigantic discoveries about the atom. He decided that all matter is made up of small particles, or atoms. He is also known for his amazing weather experiment in which he started recording the weather in about 1787 using only tools that he had created himself. John published a book which was called Meteorological Observations and Essays. He published this in 1793. This book was very interesting at the time because it was in fact one of the first books like it at that time. Some of his studies led him to ponder about water vapor and mixed gases. In 1801, he came up with Dalton's law of partial preSsures which stated: In a mixture of gases, each component exerts the same pressure as it would if it alone made up the whole volume of the mixture. After he created that law, he decided that all matter, not only gases, must consist of small particles. He then prepared the first table of atomic weights. These were such great discoveries that he had to announce it to everybody. With that in mind, in 1803, John Dalton announces all of his notions publicly. His atomic theory stuck for some time, and in 1833 he was awarded an annual pension from the king. Dalton was the first person to describe color blindness accurately. Another text that he published was Elements of English Grammar in 1801. Some people say that his birthday was on the fifth of September, although it is not known for sure.



__**1800-1875**__
//**Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen {1845-1923}**// - Wilhelm was a German physicist that attended that University of Wurzburg. He was born in Lennep, Germany to a poor family. Wilhelm moved then he was three years old to Apeldoorn, Netherlands. Most of his early education was served at the Institute of Martinus Herman can Doorn. Later, he attended Utrecht Technical School. Soon after settling into the school he was expelled for supposedly creating a caricature of one of his teachers which he claimed that he did not do at all. Later after this, he tried to get into the University of Utrecht, but he he didn't have the proper credentials to get into a regular school so they did not let him in. Although he did have a fall back plan which was going to the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. He knew he could get into there if he passed an examination. He did indeed get into the school and studied mechanical engineering. Finally, in 1969, he graduated with a Ph.d.



//**Henri Becquerel {1852-1908}**// //-// Henri was born in Paris. His studies as a child were done mostly at Ecole Polytechnique and the School of Bridges and Highways. He trained there in scientific and engineering fields. Later after being a student there, he became a teacher at the Polytechnique. He enjoyed studying the many wonders of optics. In 1888, he finally recieved his doctorate. His family back round consisted of all scientists in which were all in the French Academy of Sciences. In 1999, he joined his family tradition in being elected into the French Academy of Sciences. At this point, he had a pretty good resume judging by his associations with the Ecole Polytechnique, the Museum of Natural History, and the National Conservatory of Arts and rafts. Later, he became the chief engineer in the department of bridges and highways. In 1896, Henri discovered radioactivity. He then started to study X-rays. He did this by taking the crystals of potassium uranyl sulfate, and placing them in the sunlight next to a piece of photographic film wrapped in black paper. All his experiments worked and he came to the conclusion that x-rays were present in the fluorescence. He then also concluded that the salt gave off a penetrating independently, without ultraviolet radiation. He also deduced that the radiation came from the uranium in the salt. Later after these discoveries, Henri progressed into studying the properties of radiation. Later in his studies, he decided that radiation can be deflected by a magnetic field which consisted of charge particles. In 1903, he shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Pierre and Marie Curie.



//**JJ Thompson {1856-1940}**// //-// JJ's name is actually Sir Joseph John Thompson but everyone called him JJ Thompson. He was born in Cheetham Hill, Manchester in England. His parents were Scottish. He mostly did his studies in at Owens College which is now known as the University of Manchester in engineering. Later he went into Trinity College, Cambridge. He received his BA in mathematics in 1880, and also received his MA in 1883. He later became known as the Cavendish Professor of Physics in 1884. One of his students was Ernest Rutherford. JJ married Rose Elisabeth in 1880. She was the daughter of Sir George Edward Paget who was a physician and then became the Regius Professor of Physics at Cambridge. JJ's son was named George Paget Thomson who was an impressive physicist and won the Nobel Prize for proving the wavelike properties of electronics. JJ was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906 for discovering the electron. In 1908, he was knighted and appointed the Order of Merit in 1912. He was well known for his speech on "The atomic theory" that was given at Oxford in which was called the Romanes Lecture. JJ remained at Trinity College until his death where earlier he became the Master of the college which was in Cambridge. He died in 1940. JJ was buried in Westminster Abbey which was actually close to Sir Isaac Newton.



//**Madam Curie {1867-1934}** -// Marie was born in Warsaw, Poland. She was a huge figure in chemistry and physics. She was a Polish scientist who worked mainly with her husband in an old laboratory. Her husbands name was Pierre Curie. They conducted a ton of radiation experiments that led to them discovering the elements, polonium and radium. In 1991, she moved to Paris and studied at the Sorbonne. Marie married Pierre in 1895. It was a joined effort in their experiments including uranium. In 1903 both Marie her husband Pierre shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Henri Becquerel after discovering polonium and radium in 1893. Marie's husband Pierre was killed suddenly in 1906. After that Marie took over his post as a professor at the Sorbonne becoming the first woman to teach there. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for a second time in Chemistry this time for her work on radium and it's compounds. Marie was a very passionate scientist that was celebrated greatly among her local friends that knew her best. She was way more worried about her helping studies than she was financially in terms of keeping up with bills for everything she owned. She would have given up anything just to keep going in her studies. All Marie would have needed to keep live would be minimum food, a bathroom, and of course a laboratory. Marie Curie died in 1934 in of Leukemia.




 * //Robert Milikan {1868-1953}//** - At the time, Robert was the most famous scientist. He was American and in 1923 he became the second American scientist to receive the Nobel Prize which was given to him for physics. Robert is best known as the scientist in which measured the charge of the electron with his one of a kind oil-drop experiment. Other things that he can be most known for is the study of photoelectric effect, hot-sparked spectra and, above all, cosmic rays. All of these things that he looked into affect our lives today and without him figuring these things out a long time age we might not have as much freedom in the technology world. Not only was he just a research scientist but also, during the wars he headed the new California Institute of Technology, advised industrial corporations and philanthropic foundations and played a key part in the development of Federal policy for academic science. Robert grew up in Maquoketa, Iowa. This was a very small town around a population of 3,000. No one would have ever expected him to go into the technology science direction. During all his years in grade school he showed no sign whatsoever to his teachers nor parents that he wanted to even do any type of science even though he was very talented in science subjects. Robert went to the University of Columbia where he was the only physics majoring graduate. During one summer, he worked at the University of Chicago. At the University of Columbia he received his doctorate in physics. After he got his doctorate, he spent a very studious year in Europe. In Europe, he was intensely taught American physics and progressed to learn more and more and make even more fine discoveries.



__**1875-1900**__
//**Erwin Schrodinger (1877-1961)**// - Erwin was born in Vienna, Austria. Erwin was more of a theoretical and experimental physicist from Vienna. He made a ton of wonderful discoveries but one of the most outstanding was when he mathematically devised an equation of wave mechanics that bear his name. He loved to study as much as he possibly could and didn't like anything to get in his way because that was his passion. Although, he was interrupted with his studies by World War 1 and 2. Even during the wars though he advanced quantum theory and color theory. He got the honor of being a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for physics in 1933. He is mostly known today for the paradox of Schrodinger's Cat. Although he was well known for this, he was primarily known for being the creator of the wave equation for quantum mechanics, which he developed in 1926, which was right after Werner Heisenberg and his coworkers had solved the same problems with matrix mechanics. If it weren't for Schrodinger's equation, many physicists wouldn't be able to compute levels of energy for electrons and remain. This has till this day remained an extremely improtant tool in particle physics. After World War 2, he moved on to figuring out complex equations that helped the studies of biology. He later published a book titled What is Life? In this book, he expressed his views in the philosophy.



//**Niehls Bohr (1885-1962)** -// Bohr was born Copenhagen, Denmark. He was a very unique Danish physicist who enjoyed studying the atomic structure which later earned him the Nobel Prize in 1922 for physics. Many physicist's at that time had a lot of trouble explaining in depth the nuclear model of the atom. Although because of Bohr's studies, a lot of physicists were able to get a better understanding on these things that they weren't able to before. He decided that electrons moved in fixed orbits around the atom's nucleus. He also explained how they emitted or absorbed energy. Bohr attended the University of Copenhagen through the years of 1903 through 1911. He later spent time studying under Ernest Rutheford in Manchester, England. In 1916, he decided to go back to the University of Copenhagen and become a physics professor. Later, in 1920, he also became the first director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics. Bohr's institute allowed the smartest of scientists all study together in an environment that made them matter to the physics world. Bohr was noticed greatly because of this amazing place that allowed many brilliant scientists be noticed. During World War 2, he did everything he could do to avoid Hitler's army and all the terrible things that went on there. Because of this, he ended up in the United States where he was sent to Los Alamos, New Mexico to where he joined Robert Oppenheimer and others who worked to develop the atomic bomb for whatever reason. After the second World War, he returned to Denmark to put the rest of his studies into the peaceful work of atomic energy. Bohr taught many students in his day but probably one of the most successful was Werner Heisenberg.




 * //James Chadwick (1891-1974)//** - James was born in Manchester. He was among the oldest son of both John Joseph and Anne Knowles Chadwick. James enrolled in Victorian University in Manchester in 1908. James was suppose to do all of his studies in mathematics, but there was a mistake that had him working for the physics department. Usually if this were to happen to anyone else, they would just talk to the administrator of the college and correct the simple mistake. Although this may be what happen to most people, James was a very shy person and was way too shy to correct the the error. Even though he didn't mean to study in physics, he graduated from the Honours School of Physics in 1911. For the next 2 years after this, he went to continue his education in Ernest Rutherford's laboratory which was located in the same university. It was at this time that Rutherford revealed his planetary theory of the atom. James was acquainted with many amazing physicists here including Hans Geiger and Niehs Bohr. In 1913, he received his masters degree in 1913. Right after that, he was awarded the 1951 Exhibition Scholarship, which he used to finance his studies under Geiger in the foremost German researcher institute. This institute was called the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt which was located in Charlottenburg near Berlin. One of his early works but also one of the most important was the establishment of the first energy spectrum of beta particles.



__**1900-1915**__
//**Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)**// **-** Werner was born in Wurzburg, Germany. He was a German scientist that made many/most of German physicists discoveries. He was mainly educated at Munich and Gottingen. Not only was he a student at both of these fine institutes, but he also taught at the University of Leipzig from the year of 1927 through 1941. On top of all that, he actually directed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He directed this institute through the years of 1942 through 1976. During these years, there was a problem in physics off how to account for the stationary discrete energy states of an anharmonic oscillator. This was a giant problem for physicists everywhere at this time, but lucky for them, they had Werner who finally figured this dispute out. This solution launched the development of quantum mechanics. He published his famous uncertainty principle in 1927. Werner was one of the most influential and helpful physicists ever. The reason for him being so amazing is because not only did he solve solutions that people thought weren't able to be solved, but he also made significant contribbutions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulence, the atomic nucleus, forromagnestic, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. It's hard to argue that he wasn't a brilliant physicist after seeing all the things that he helped with that made the world what it is today in the physics world. In 1932, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1932 for his work on quantum mechanics. During World War 2, he led the efforts in developing an atomic bomb.







===This is one of the first descriptions of an atomic structure that there were. It got the name the "plum pudding" model. At the time, it was said that an atom was a large spherical shape which had positive area. It was also said that it contained many smaller negative spheres or that it had 1 proton and had many electron surrounding it.===



===This is a later, more detailed and elaborated model of what one scientist thought the atomic structure looked like. This structure was named the "electron cloud." It is suppose to show that there is a positive nucleus in the middle, and is a cloud of negative energy surrounding it.===



===This is an even later model that was described by yet another brilliant scientist. This structure got the name the "planetary model." It's suppose to show that there is a nucleus in the middle, and lots of different electrons traveling on separate paths in which are orbiting the nucleus.===



===This was one of the last described structures of an atom that was described by none other than Rutherford. This is why is hsa gotten the name the "Rutherford Model." It is suppose to show that there is a positive charge within the atom in which is contained within a tiny nucleus. At the same time, the negative charges of the electron travel around the nucleus it self.===

Bibliography:
Democritus: http://www.humanistictexts.org/democritus.htm Aristotle: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html John Dalton: http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Dalton.htm Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen: http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761555545 Henri Becquerel: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9014051/Henri-Becquerel JJ Thompson: http://www.aip.org/history/electron/jjthomson.htm Robert Milikan: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html Erwin Schrodinger: [|http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Schrodinger.html] Niehls Bohr: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html James Chadwick: http://www.thocp.net/biographies/chadwick_james.htm Werner Heisenberg: [|http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Heisenberg.html] All Pictures: Google Images