1900---1915

[|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html#not]
 * Ernest Rutherford**
 * Date of Birth- LuuuuhxD **
 *  Date of Death- October 19, 1937 **
 *  Place of Origin- Nelson, New Zealand **
 *  Year of Discovery- 1910 **

Born in the land down under, Ernest Rutherford grew up with his large family in New Zealand consisting of six brothers, five sisters, his father James Rutherford his grandfather His mother, née Martha Thompson, and her mother. When he was 16, Rutherford took entered Nelson Collegiate School. After only a few years, he was awarded a scholarship and enrolled into the University of New Zealand. It was there that he double majored in Mathematics and Physical Science, and with his further achievements, he earned another scholarship to enroll into Trinity College .

But Ernest Rutherford wasn’t remembered by history for his numerous number of scholarships, but for his golden foil experiment. What he did was set up a particle emitter and shot small particles at a think golden foil. What he expected was for the particles to just pass through. However, by the end of his experiment, he discovered that a good quantity of particles actually either flew through the foil at an angle or just completely bounced back. With this discovery, he concluded that the particles must have been bouncing of a small defined nucleus, where the whole mass of the atom and the positive charge of the atom are concentrated.



Dr. Reich's Week 4-Lesson 1-1 Slideshow

Rutherford's Gold Foil experiment via youtube: []\

While it used to be an unpopular idea amoung scientist, based on his discoveries, Rutherford was able to revive and prove the Planetary Atomic Model. In this model. To review, Rutherford had discovered that in an atom, a majority of the mass is focused in one spot known as the nucleus. Similar to the Plum Pudding model, Rutherford included the negatively charged electrons. But because of how little mass electrons have compared to the nucleus, they have little or no effect on the scattering of particles, like of those in the gold foil experiment. However, differing from the J.J. Thompson's Plum Pudding model, the planetary model has the light electrons circumnavigating the nucleus in a relatively orderly fashion, rather than being randomly strewn about. But unlike the planets in the solar system that are kept within the pattern because of gravity, electrons are ensnared by a powerful charge held by the nucleus.
 * Rutherford's Planetary Model-**[[image:planetarymodel.png align="left" caption="planetarymodel.png"]]

[|http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/0sn/ch08/figs/planetarymodel.png]

=** Marie Curie **= []  ** Date of Birth- November 7, 1867 **  ** Date of Death- July 4, 1934**  ** Place of Origin- Warsaw, Poland. ** ** Year of Discovery-1903 **

 Marie Curie was the daughter of a secondary school teacher and started off with a very basic education, she went to the public schools of her home town Warsaw and was given very basic scientific training by her father. Frightened in continuing studies in Poland because of the Russian government controlling Poland, Curie went to Paris to continue her studies. Not only did she earn Licenciateships in Physics and the Mathematical Sciences at Sorbonne University, but she also met her future husband and laboratory assistant. His name was Pierre Curie, and he was a Professor in Physics.

 Currie and her husband loved working in the laboratory, even though their conditions were nowhere near suitable for organized experimentations. To make things worse, they were very low on funds and were forced to teach for many hours every day. However, “the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 inspired the Curies in their brilliant researches and analyses which led to the isolation of polonium, named after the country of Marie's birth, and radium. Mme. Curie developed methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues in sufficient quantities to allow for its characterization and the careful study of its properties, therapeutic properties in particular” (nobelprize.org). It was with this discover that Mme, Currie declared that atoms were not indestructible and did not last forever, thus changing the foundation of chemistry scientist had been basing their research off of for centuries.

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Date of Birth- March 22, 1868** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ** Date of Death- December 19, 1953** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ** Place of Origin- Morrison, Illinois. ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Year of Discovery- 1910** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Born as the son of a Reverend, Robert Millikan lead a very simple life working as a court reporter and attending classes at Maquoketa High School located in Iowa. After earning enough money, Millikan enrolled in Oberlin College in Ohio where he took classes on the Greek language and mathematics.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Millikan was a man of discovery and had many breakthroughs n the field of science, specifically in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. Although these discoveries were great, none of them compare to his unearthing of the secret to the accurate determination of the charge carried by an electron. He was able to accomplish this feat with the falling-drop method. To put it simply, this method consisted of dropping small globules of oil over a magnet into the path of an x-ray. When the x-ray particles made contact with the oil, the charge would change causing th oil to fall slower, stay still, or even start rising. With this, not only did he determine the charge of an electron, but “he also proved that this quantity was a constant for all electrons thus demonstrating the atomic structure of electricity” (nobelprize.org).



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= = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
 * = Niels Bohr =

**Date of Birth- October 7, 1885** **Date of Death- November 18, 1962.** **Place of Origin- Copenhagen, Denmark.** **Year of Discovery-1913** Neils Bohr began his life in Copenhagen Denmark with his family consisting of his father Christian Bohr, his mother Ellen, and his brother Harald. Because his father was a professor of Physiology at Copenhagen University, and his mother “came from a family distinguished in the field of education, it is fair to say that Mr. Bohr came from a very educated background. At the age of 18, Bohr went to Copenhagen to higher his knowledge in the field of physics. With the help of his teacher Professor C. Christiansen, Bohr was able to earn a masters degree in 1909, and a doctors degree in 1911, both in physics. Being the genius he was, Bohr received many scientific awards from solving certain problems, “to experimental and theoretical investigation of the surface tension by means of oscillating fluid jets.”

However, what some people would argue to be his most important discovery was made in 1913. To make a long story short, after a lot of hard work, Bohr was able to create a new version of the atomic structure which is still used even today to identify the basic characteristics of an atom. Although the Bohr Atomic Model was created in 1913, it wasn’t recognized till 1922. It was probably worth the wait though, considering the recognition came along with its own brand new Nobel Prize. Bohr lived the rest of his life with more research and more extinguished positions such as: the President of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, president of the Danish Cancer Committee, Chairman of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission, and Foreign Membership of the Royal Society in London.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px;">To put it simply, Bohr's atomic model is an updated version of Rutherford's model. The main difference between the two is that Bohr's model is based of of theories and lessons from quantum physic. Not only that, but Bohr was able to ||
 * Bohr's Atomic Model **