C.+Fuller+Time+Line+Project

1939-1945 - World War II
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The plum pudding model suggests that a large, spherical, and positive area of the atom contains numerous smaller negative spheres, or a single proton engulfs many electrons. (Circa 1890)
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The electron cloud model reveals that a thick cloud of negative energy surrounds a positive nucleus. (Circa 1900's)
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The planetary model of the atom places the nucleus at the center with the electrons on seperate paths orbiting the nucleus. (Circa 1930's)
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The Rutherford model shows that the positive charge of an atom is contained within a tiny nucleus, while the negative charges of the electrons travel about around the nucleus. (Circa 1907)
= = This picture from http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/images/Leucippus1.jpg ===Leucippus (500-450 B.C.) was presumably born in Miletus, and is the earliest Greek philosopher who fathered the idea of the atomic theory and the atom. He was the mentor to Democritus, and he passed many of his ideas and revelations onto his pupil. He is best known for his proposal of the idea that the universe consists of two elements, which he called "the full" or "solid", and its opposite, "the empty" or "void." In between these two elements exists everything else that involves these elements.===

This picture from http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/images/Democritus1.jpg ===Democritus (470-380 B.C.) was born in Abdera, Greece, and is credited as the early Greek philosopher who put forth the idea of the atomist system and what effect it had on the elements. His works were often opposed by Aristotle, but he was nonetheless admired and respected for his well developed defense of his beliefs, stating that atoms were not strewn about randomly, but were clustered together to form specific types of mass.===

This picture from http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/aristotle3.jpg ===Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was born in Stageira, Chalcidice, and is known for the idea that the world is made up of four interlocking elements: earth, water, air, and fire. These four elements would interact, forming material that corresponded to the given elements, such as fire and earth creating something dry.===

This picture from http://whyfiles.larc.nasa.gov/text/kids/Media_Zone/images/bernoulli.jpg ===Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) was born in Basel, Switzerland and was one of the first to discover and put forth the basic principles of fluid motion, as well as proving that the pressure of gas is caused by atoms colliding and interacting.===

This picture from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Roger_Joseph_Boscovich.jpg

===Rudjer Josip Boscovich (1711-1787) was born in Dubrovnik, Croatia and is known to have proposed the idea that atoms have their own force field, and that atoms were particles without any sort of dimensions, claiming that they were nothing more than geometric points.===

This picture from http://www.cg14.fr/chateau_benouville/xhtml/images/vie_chateau/image_societe/lavoisier.jpg

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) was born in Paris, France and was the first to discover that water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.
This picture from http://www.uh.edu/engines/jdalton2.jpg ===John Dalton (1766-1844) was born in Eaglesfield, Cumbria, and created his own atomic theory which implied that elements are made up of tiny particles, that all atoms of a given element are identical, that the atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element, that atoms of one element may combine with atoms of another element to form a compound, and that atoms cannot be created nor destroyed.===

This picture from http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=20964&rendTypeId=4 ===Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923) was born in the southern Rhine of Germany and was the first scientist to discover the x-ray. His discovery was made in 1895 whilst studying electrical currents through gas, and upon asking his wife to hold her in front of the rays, he discovered how the rays could not pass through the solid mass of her bones.===

This picture from http://www.avn.be/fr/photo/becquerel.jpg (Artwork by Stephanie Biagi) ===Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) was born in Paris, France and is remembered as the first scientist to discover radioactivity. His astounding discovery was made in 1896, and though it impaced the scientific community, his discovery was later tried and tested to the latter by Marie Curie. Becquerel would share half of a Nobel Prize with Marie Curie and her husband.===

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This picture from http://www.patent-invent.com/electricity/images/jj_thomson.jpg ===J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) was born in Manchester, England and is noted for putting forth the idea of the "Plum Pudding Model." He stated that the atom was spherical and of positive material with negative particles mixed into the sphere, also thought of as electrons. His discovery won him a Nobel Prize in 1906.===

This picture from http://www.gardenofpraise.com/images/curie.jpg ===Marie Curie (1867-1934) was born in Warsaw, Poland and is credited (along with Henri Becquerel) as being one of the first scientists to discovery radioactivity. Unlike Becquerel, Curie did not have reassurance and support from the scientific community, but nonethless she and her husband continued to toil over their experiments. Whilst experimenting with various materials, she discovered and dubbed two new elements, Polonium and Radium. For her contributions to the scientific community, she and her husband were awarded half of the Nobel Prize in 1903, the other half given to Henri Becquerel.===

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This picture from http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=68969&amp;rendTypeId=4 ===Robert Millikan (1868-1953) was born in Illinois, United States of America and made various contributions to the scientific community, the focal of which being his confirmation of the negative charge of an electron. In 1910, he made note of the fact that for all elements, the electro===

n was always negative regardless of any other circumstances, and thus was the counter to the positively charged proton.
This picture from http://www.mlahanas.de/Physics/Bios/images/ErnestRutherford.jpg ===Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was born in Nelson, New Zealand and created the noteworthy "Gold Foil Experiment," in which he set up a thin sheet of gold foil and directed particles at the material. To his disbelief, roughly one out of every 8,000 particles actually passed through the foil. He exclaimed that it was "as if you shot a cannon at a piece of tissue paper and it bounced back at you."===

This picture from [|http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Bohr_Niels.html] (Artwork by Hope Lenhart) ===Niehls Bohr (1885-1962) was born in Copenhagen, Denmark and helped Ernest Rutherford on his work with atomic structure. Through various experiments and logical deductions, both men came to a new idea of how the atomic structure of an atom is formed and its characteristics.===

This picture from http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=20947&amp;rendTypeId=4 ===Erwin Schrödinger (1877-1961) was born in Vienna, Austria and is noted for helping to create the "Electron Cloud Model" of an atom. His theory of electrons consisted of the idea that they traveled in wave form, but his ideas were later debunked by Max Born who claimed that the theory of the wave applies only to the physical state of the atom, and instead may be used to locate (within certain parameters) the location of an electron at any given point in time.===

This picture from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick.jpg (Artwork by Erica Neumann) ===James Chadwick (1891-1974) was born in Manchester, England and is credited as the scientist who discovered the neutron. His discovery fascinated the scientific community, but little was Chadwick aware that his discovery of the neutron would be the catalyst for creating a weapon so powerful and so deadly that it would be felt around the world during destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II: the atomic bomb. Nonetheless, his discovery was also put to many good uses, and a better understanding of the structure of an atom was gained with the neutron.===

This picture from http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_05_img0328.jpg ===Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) was born in Würzberg, Germany and is partially credited for creating the "Electron Cloud Model" of an atom. Despite his affiliation with the Nazi party during World War II, his contributions were still well credited in the scientific community, and he is noted for having worked with such scientists as Niehls Bohr and Erwin Schrödinger.===

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leucippus/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democritus/ http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html http://www.123exp-biographies.com/t/00034062400/ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html Chemistry Textbook