1875-1900+(VC)

Max Planck


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- He stated the theory that energy is radiated in small, discrete units, which he named //quanta// (Quantum Physics). It's otherwise known as a body of scientific principles describing the behavior of matter and its interactions on the atomic and subatomic scales.

__**Max Planck's Bio**__ He was born in Kiel, Germany on April 23, 1858. He attended school in Munich and studied at the Universities of Munich and Berlin where he received his doctorate of philosophy. All five of his children died at young ages including his two eldest sons which died in both world wars. One of them executed for an attempted assassination on Hitler. He died on October 4, 1947.


 * JJ Thomson **

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-JJ Thompson’s discovery of the electron in 1897 was a huge breakthrough for the scientific world because up until Thompson’s Cathode Ray experiment the atom was thought to be indivisible. In the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, Thomson was experimenting with electrical currents inside empty glass tubes known as Cathode Ray Tubes. The experiment led him to purpose that the rays were made up of tiny charged particles that are smaller than the atom that he called "corpuscles". He suggested that they made up all the matter inside the atom which we know is not entirely true but it was a step in the right direction.

JJ Thompson was born in Cheetham Hill England, on December 18, 1856. JJ Thompson is famous for his work in physics and his discovery of the electron while working on a series of experiments at Cambridge University in 1897 and then in 1906 he received the Nobel Prize for Physics. JJ Thompson got married to Miss Rose Paget on January 22, 1890 and had two children one of which followed in his father’s footsteps and went on to win the Nobel Prize for Physics also. JJ Thompson died on August 30, 1940 at the age of 84.
 * __Thomson's Bio__**

**Wilhelm Roentgen**

__http://www.wired.com/images/article/full/2007/11/Wilhelm_Roentgen_580x.jpg__ -“On the evening of November 8, 1895, he found that, if the discharge tube is enclosed in a sealed, thick black carton to exclude all light, and if he worked in a dark room, a paper plate covered on one side with barium platinocyanide placed in the path of the rays became fluorescent even when it was as far as two metres from the discharge tube. During subsequent experiments he found that objects of different thicknesses interposed in the path of the rays showed variable transparency to them when recorded on a photographic plate. When he immobilised for some moments the hand of his wife in the path of the rays over a photographic plate, he observed after development of the plate an image of his wife's hand which showed the shadows thrown by the bones of her hand and that of a ring she was wearing, surrounded by the penumbra of the flesh, which was more permeable to the rays and therefore threw a fainter shadow. This was the first "röntgenogram" ever taken. In further experiments, Röntgen showed that the new rays are produced by the impact of cathode rays on a material object. Because their nature was then unknown, he gave them the name X-rays.”

__**Wilhelm's Bio**__ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born on March 27, 1845, at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany. When Wilhelm was three years old him and his family moved to the Netherlands were he went to boarding school and started to show an intense interest in nature. In 1869 he graduated Ph.D. at the University of Zurich and became assistant to his mentor Kundt. Röntgen discovered the x-ray in 1895 when he was studying the phenomena accompanying the passage of an electric current through a gas of extremely low pressure. Röntgen married Anna Bertha Ludwig of Zürich, they had no children except their adopted daughter Josephine Bertha Ludwig, Anna Ludwig’s only brother’s daughter. Röntgen died in Munich on February 10, 1923, from carcinoma of the intestine. From //[|Nobel Lectures], Physics 1901-1921//, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967


 * Henri Becquerel**

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-Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity accidentally happed when he put a wrapped photographic plate and a uranium rock in a desk drawer and then later noticed that even though the plate was not exposed to light it had patterns on it that would normally indicate exposure. His new “penetrating ray” in 1896 and it soon became known as radioactivity.

__**Becquerel's Bio**__ Henri Becquerel was born in Paris on December 15, 1852 to a distinguished family of scholars. He entered the Polytechnic in 1872, then the government department of Ponts-et-Chaussées in 1874, becoming ingénieur in 1877 and being promoted to ingénieur-en-chef in 1894. During an experiment Becquerel noted an unknown energy that was emitting from the uranium. In 1896 he discovered radioactivity and along with Marie Curie and her husband he got a Nobel Prize for physics. Becquerel was married to Mlle. Janin and had a son named Jean who also became a physicist. Becquerel died in Le Croisic on August 25, 1908.