M.Schmidt+Time+Line+Project

=Ancient Greek Philosophers(460-1700)=
 * **__Leucippus__**
 * **__Democritus__**
 * **__Aristotle__**

__Leucippus (5th centuryBCE)__
-Leucippus was the founder of Atomism, he was a student of Zeno, but his student happend to be Democritus. Democritus later expanded on the ideas Leucippus had introduced to him. He stated the theory that without vacuum(non-being), there could be no motion, yet at the same time he concluded that that state of non-being could not exist. several other philosophers reference the works of Leucippus, but few pieces of his own work remain. the closest thing we can find to his work is that of Democritus, who based most all of his work on what he learned from Leucippus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus

__Democritus(460-370BCE)__
-Democritus was born in Abdera and he was the founder of the atomic theory; where he expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus and his first hypothesis was that all matter is made up of atoms. He siad that the atoms were always moving and clustering in various, temporary combinations. Democritus was known for his atomic theory. Democritus was a student of Leucippus and co-originator and he beleived that matter was indivisible elements which he called //atome// or //indivisible units.//http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus

__Aristotle(384-322BCE)__
-Aristotle was born in 384 BCE. at Stagirus, he joined the Academy and studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. The works of Aristotle fell under three headings: (1) dialogues and other works of a popular character; (2) collections of facts and material from scientific treatment; and (3) systematic works. Aristotle developed many physical works, (1)//physics which explained change, motion, void, and time.// (2)//about the heavens, the structure of heaven, earth, and elements.// (3)//on generations, about combining material constituents.// (4)//Meteorologics,origin of comets, weather, and disasters.// Aristotle emphasized that nature consisted of four elements which were air, earth, fire, and water; also where he associates the elements with four Gods which are Hera, Persophone, Zues, and Hades. Aristotle agreed on few subjects with Democritus and Leucippus. http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm#H1

=Chemists/Scientists (466-1700)=
 * **__Nicholas Copernicus__**
 * **__Galileo Galilei__**
 * **__Isaac Newton__**

__Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)__
-Nicholas Copernicus was born in Febuary 19,1473 in Frauenburg, East Prussia. He was Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; that the Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow, long-term changes in the direction of this axis account for the precession of the equinoxes. Nicholas also proposed a theory called the heliocentric or in other words the sun-centered system. http://www.crystalinks.com/copernicus.html

__Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)__
-Galileo Galilei was an Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials and to the development of the scientific method. Galileo studied motion and how object were able to move and what made them move; his studied involved inertia. His discoveries with the telescope revolutionized astronomy and paved the way for the acceptance of the Copernican heliocentric system.http://www.crystalinks.com/galileo.html

__Isaac Newton (1643-1727)__
-Isaac Newton was born on January 4,1643, he was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher who is generally regarded as one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians in history. Newton was known for his writing/ideas called Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica; in which he described the 3 laws of motion. He also developed a law of cooling, describing the rate of cooling of objects when exposed to air. http://www.crystalinks.com/newton.html

=Chemists/Scientists(1700-1800)=
 * __**Antoine Baum**__
 * __**John Dalton**__
 * __**Amedeo Avogadro**__

__Antoine Baum (1728-1804)__
-Antoine was a French chemist who was born on February 26,1728 in Senlis, he was best known as the inventor of the __Baume scale hydrometer__ associated with his name (often in this connection improperly spelt "Beaum"). He also devised many improvements in technical processes, like bleaching silk, dyeing, gilding, and purifying saltpetre. He was the apprenticed to the chemist Claude Joseph Geoffroy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Baum

__John Dalton (1766-1844)__
-Dalton was born in Eaglesfield, Cumbria, and created his own atomic theory which implied that elements are made up of tiny particles, that all atoms of a given element are identical, that the atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element, that atoms of one element may combine with atoms of another element to form a compound, and that atoms cannot be created nor destroyed. John Dalton also created and Atomic Theory and it included 4 laws in his theory.(1)//All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indesstructible//.(2)//All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.//(3)//Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.//(4)//A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.// He also invented the Crooks Tube where current moved from the cathode to the anode through a vacuum, moves in lines similar to light, however the magnets could deflect the current. Dalton's model calculates a mass to charge ratio but can't calculate mass or charge. //__f__//http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html

__Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856)__
-Amedeo was an Italian physicist and chemist who was born in Turin, August 9,1776 and he was known/noted for his theory of molarity and molecular weight. The first person to calculate the number of entities in atoms, molecules, ions, and other particles in one mole of a substance which was 6.02214199x1023. This number was known as the Avogadro's number. He also declared a hypothesis which he calls to be Avogadro's law which was that //Equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of particles, or molecules.// The number of molecules in a specific volume of gas is independent of the size or mass of the gas molecules. As an example, equal volumes of molecular hydrogen and nitrogen would contain the same number of molecules, as long as they are at the same temperature and pressure. V=volume of the gas; n=number of moles in a gas; k=proportionality constant. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro%27s_law

=Chemists/Scientists(1800-1875)= = =
 * **__Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen__**
 * **__Henri Becquerel__**
 * **__J.J Thomson__**
 * **__Marie Curie__**
 * **__Robert Milikan__**
 * **__Ernest Rutherford__**

__Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923__
-Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born in the southern Rhine of Germany and was the first scientist to discover the x-ray. His discovery was made in 1895 whilst studying electrical currents through gas, and upon asking his wife to hold her in front of the rays, he discovered how the rays could not pass through the solid mass of her bones. He conducted an experiment where he worked in a dark room, and covered the discharge tube with thick black carton so that there would be no light, he then put barium platinocyanide on a paper plate, and the rays from the discharge tube would hit the plate from as far as 2 meters away.http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html

__Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)__
-Henri Becquerel was born into a family of scholars and scientists in Paris. He worked mostly on phosphorescence. He is most famous for his experiment to see if there is any connection between x-rays and naturally occuring phosphorescence. He concluded that rays emitted by uranium differed from x-rays because the uranium rays could be deflected by magnetic or electric fields. This was the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity. He was given half of the nobel prize in 1903, while the other half was awarded to Pierre and Marie Curie. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html

__J.J Thomson (1856-1940)__
-J.J Thomson was born in Manchester, England and is noted for putting forth the idea of the "Plum Pudding Model." He stated that the atom was spherical and of positive material with negative particles mixed into the sphere, also thought of as electrons. Thomson's early interest in atomic structure was reflected in his //Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings// which won him the Adams Prize in 1884. His discovery also won him a Nobel Prize in 1906. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html

__Marie Curie (1867-1908)__
-Madame Curie (Born Maria Sklodowska) was a Polish chemist, born in Warsaw, Poland in November of 1867. Being a woman, it was very hard for her to get any support from her peers (or anyone else for that matter) in being a chemist. She met her husband, Pierre Curie, while attending the Sorbonne in Paris, France. Though her and her husband worked under tough conditions and in a less than desired labratory, Marie Curie and her Husband were able to use Henri Becquerel's studies of radioactivity to find 2 new elements. One was polonium (named ater Curie's home country of poland) and Radium, the Buries also found out how oto separate these substances from non-raidoactive substances. For their discoveries, they won half the nobel prize in physics in 1903 with Henri Becqurel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie

__Robert Milikan (1868-1953)__
-Robert Millikan was born in Illinois on March 22, United States of America and made various contributions to the scientific community, the focal of which being his confirmation of the negative charge of an electron. In 1910, he made note of the fact that for all elements, the electron was always negative regardless of any other circumstances, and thus was the counter to the positively charged proton. He was an experimental physicist who won the 1923 Nobel Prize for his measurement of the charge on the electrons and for his work on the photoelectric effect. He later studied about cosmic rays; also he conducted an experiment called the Millikan oil-drop experiment. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Millikan

__Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)__
-Ernest Rutherford, a scotish chemist was born on August 20,1871 in Nelson, New Zealand and created the noteworthy "Gold Foil Experiment," in which he set up a thin sheet of gold foil and directed particles at the material. To his disbelief, roughly one out of every 8,000 particles actually passed through the foil. He exclaimed that it was "as if you shot a cannon at a piece of tissue paper and it bounced back at you." http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html

=Chemists/Scientists(1875-1900)=


 * __**Erwin Schrödinger**__
 * **__Niels Bohr__**
 * __**James Chadwick**__

__Erwin Schrödinger (1877-1961)__
-was born in Vienna, Austria and is noted for helping to create the "Electron Cloud Model" of an atom. His theory of electrons consisted of the idea that they traveled in wave form, but his ideas were later debunked by Max Born who claimed that the theory of the wave applies only to the physical state of the atom, and instead may be used to locate (within certain parameters) the location of an electron at any given point in time. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html

__James Chadwick (1891-1974)__
-James Chadwick was born in Manchester, England and is credited as the scientist who discovered the neutron. His discovery fascinated the scientific community, but little was Chadwick aware that his discovery of the neutron would be the catalyst for creating a weapon so powerful and so deadly that it would be felt around the world during destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II: the atomic bomb. Nonetheless, his discovery was also put to many good uses, and a better understanding of the structure of an atom was gained with the neutron. He proved the existence of //neutrons// - elementary particles devoid of any electrical charge. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html

=Chemists/Scientists(1900-1915)=
 * __**Werner Heisenberg**__
 * __**Gerhard Herzberg**__
 * **__Melvin Calvin__**

__Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)__
-Werner Heisenberg was born on the 5th of December, 1901, at Wurzburg. Heisenberg will always be connected to his theory of quantum mechanics, published in 1925, when he was only 23 years old. His theory and the applications of it resulted especially in the discovery of allotropic forms of hydrogen. Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932. Heisenberg said that electrons can be a wave or a particle. He also said that if you know where the electron was than you wouldnt know where it would end up and vice versa. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html

__Gerhard Herzberg (1904-1999)__
-Gerhard Herzberg is a German-Canadian chemist, born in Germany and fled to Canada. He won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his ideas on atomic and molecular spectroscopy. He is very known for using these techniques that determine the structures of diatomic and polyatomic molecules, including free radicals difficult to investigate in any other way, and for the chemical analysis of astronomical objects. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg

__Melvin Calvin (1911-1997)__
-Melvin was born on April 8,1911 and he was an American chemist. He was very well known/famous for discovering the Calvin cycle and he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Calvin joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley in 1937 and was promoted to Professor of Chemistry in 1947. In 1963 he was given the additional title of Professor of Molecular Biology. Using the carbon-14 isotope as a tracer, Calvin and his team mapped the complete route that carbon travels through a plant during photosynthesis, starting from its absorption as atmospheric carbon dioxide to its conversion into carbohydrates and other organic compounds. Then Calvin showed that sunlight acts on the chlorophyll in a plant to fuel the manufacturing of organic compounds, rather than on carbon dioxide as he previously believed. Calvin also studied the use of oil-producing plants as renewable sources of energy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Calvin

=Chemists/Scientists(1915-1950)=
 * __**Jan Boldingh**__
 * __**Sir Derek Barton**__
 * __**Rosalind Franklin**__

__Jan Boldingh (1915-1998)__
-Jan Boldingh is a Dutch chemist who was born on January 3,1915. Boldingh introduced a number of new analytic techniques (such as (gas-)chromatography, the coupling of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, NMR and other forms of spectroscopy) in order to study complex problems in an industrial context. Boldingh was very interested in nutrition research, and especially the role of fats in nutrition. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Boldingh

Sir Derek Barton (1918-1998)
-Sir Derek Barton was a British organic chemist who was born on September 8,1918 and won the Nobel Prize of Laureate for the contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry." Barton showed that organic molecules could be assigned a preferred conformation based upon results accumulated by chemical physicists. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Derek_Barton

__Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)__
-Rosalind was a British chemist and crystallographer who was born on July 25,1920 where he contributes to the understanding of the fine structures of DNA, viruses, coal, and graphite. Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA which formed the framework of Watson and Crick's hypothesis of the double helical structure if DNA in their 1953 publication. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin

=__Models__= ==

The solid sphere model suggests that an atom is little more than a singular, solid particle without other components. (Circa 1805)
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The Rutherford model shows that the positive charge of an atom is contained within a tiny nucleus, while the negative charges of the electrons travel about around the nucleus. (Circa 1907)
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