A.+Grimner+and+J.+Condlin+Time+Line+Project


 * __THE ATOMIC TIMELINE__**


 * Ancient**

499-479BC: The Perisan Wars 336 BC- Alexander the Great takes throne of Macedonian Empire 334 BC- Battle of Issus
 * __World Events:__**


 * [[image:aristotle3.jpg width="151" height="145"]]Aristotle**-(384BC-322BC) Artistotle's country of origin was Greece. Aristotle contributed to our sciences today by writing down his thoughts and investigations on a range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, ethics, physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric. By cataloging of phenomenon and detailed observations, Aristotle thought that the world could be understood at a basic level. Aristotle believed that everything that moved or changed was caused by something else moving or changing it. [//Fire//: hot and dry, //Air//: hot and wet, //Water//: cold and wet, //Earth//: cold and dry]




 * [[image:Leucippus1.jpg width="163" height="149"]]Leucippus-** (flourished around 475BC) Leucippus's country of origin was Greece. Leucippus was the first to introduce the idea of the atom. He thought that and atom was an indivisible unit of matter. Leucippus was the first philosopher to prove, with an awareness of what he was doing; the existence of empty space. Leucippus ideas and thoughts were later extended by one of his students Democritus.


 * [[image:Democratis_Art_1.JPG width="166" height="195" caption="Democratis_Art_1.JPG"]]Democritus-** (460BCE- 380 BC) Democritus's country of origin was Greece. Democritus was known for his works with physics, astronomy, zoology, biology, ethics, mathematics, and grammar. He is best known for expanding on the atomic theory of Leucippus. Democritus believes that everything is made up of atoms, even the human soul. And that all of these atoms exist in an area in which all motion occurs. He believes that the origin of the universe came about through atoms moving randomly and colliding to produce larger bodies and worlds. On the topic of the creation of earth, Democritus said that the whirling motion of clustering atoms drove the heavier down and the lighter up and away from the center. The whirling cluster of atoms massed together to produce a solid earth.


 * 1700-1800**

__World Events:__ 535-553 Gothic War in Italy Great Turkish War started in 1683 1798 Battle of Nile


 * [[image:HSantoin.jpg width="163" height="223"]]Antoine Lavoisier-** (1743-1794) Antoine Lavoisier's country of origin was France. Antoine Lavisier years of discoveries were in 1772 and 1794. He had discovered that mass is conserved within a chemical reaction. The mass of the products of a chemical reaction is always the same as the mass you started with. Antoine Lavisier results resulted in one of the fundamental laws of chemical behavior. This law was the law of conservation of matter. The law states that matter is conserved in a chemical reaction.


 * [[image:Coulomb.GIF width="165" height="200"]]Charles Augustine Coulomb-** (1737-1806) Charles Augustine Coulomb's country of origin was France. Charles Augustine Coulomb found the first measurements of the force of attraction between oppositely charged particles. Coulomb discovered this between 1785 and 1791. He discovered that the force of attraction was directly proportional to the product of the charges on the two objects (//q//1 and //q//2) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects (//r//2).


 * [[image:Richter_tcm23-29567.gif width="165" height="194"]]Jeremias Benjamin Richter-** (1762-1807) Jeremias Benjamin Richter's country of origin was Germany. Jeremias Benjamin Richter proposed the law of definite proportions in 1792 which gave evidence for the existence of atoms. He found that the compounds weight that was consumed in a chemical reaction was always the same. Richter published a three-volume summary of his work, which involved his work on the law of definite proportions, between 1792 and 1794. His book introduced the term stoichiometry, which Richter defined as the art of chemical measurements, which has to deal with the laws according to which substances unite to form chemical compounds.


 * 1800-1875**

__**World Events:**__ War of 1812 Greek War of Independence started in 1821 Crimean War started in 1853


 * [[image:dalton1.gif width="155" height="165"]]John Dalton-** (1766-1844) John Dalton's country of origin was England. John Dalton discoveries were made over a number of years. Dalton published many books in his lifetime explaining his thoughts. In A New System of Chemical Philosophy Dalton states his Atomic Theory as well as other concepts relating to chemistry. This book was composed in the years from 1808 to 1827. Dalton also made important discoveries in fields other than chemistry. Because of Daltons work he is known as the “father of modern history.”

This model depicts an atom that is believed to look like a small, solid, sphere. It is supposed to be indivisible model, meaning it could not be broken down.


 * [[image:dobereiner_p.jpg width="154" height="200"]]Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner-** (1780-1849) Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner's country of origin was Germany. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner found the existence of families of elements with related chemical properties in 1829. There seemed to be always three elements in these families, so Dobereiner called them triads. The vertical columns in //Table 7.1// represents one of these triads.


 * __[[image:Crookes.gif width="124" height="168"]]Sir William Crooks__**- Also known as the "man of science," was born in London, England on June 17, 1832. He later died in London on April 4, 1919. His first real discovery was the discovery of the element thallium, in 1861. He also examined the properties of cathode rays, in doing so he realized that they travel in straight lines. He believed the rays were consisted of streams of particles of ordinary molecular size.

Crooks Tube


 * 1875-1900**

1875- Balkan Revolt- A revolt against Ottoman rule. 1878- Turks had to accept the Treaty of San Stefano and Congress of Berlin takes place during the year as well. 1885- The Bulgarian Crisis- The king of the Bulgarians angered Russia and Russia supported revolts against the king and this caused the Bulgarians to break off diplomatic relations with Russia.
 * World Events:**


 * [[image:newlands.jpg width="176" height="225"]]John Newlands-** (1837-1898) John Newlands country of origin was England. John Newlands saw that when he listed the elements in increasing order of atomic weight, they fell into seven families. These elements seemed to have had the similar chemical properties. He discovered this in 1865. Newlands listed the families in horizontal rows, shown in Table 7.2. He was the first to recognize that the elements fell into a pattern, which their properties repeat at regular intervals when they are listed in order of increasing atomic weight. John Newlands also assigned atomic numbers to the elements.

**Wilhelm C. Roentgen-** (1845-1923) Wilhelm C. Roentgen's country of origin was Germany. Wilhelm C. Roentgen started to study cathode rays in 1894. The night of November 8, 1895, in one of his experiments, he discovered a type of rays that were unknown, called x-rays.

To test his x-rays he took a picture of his wife's hand.

**J.J Thompson**- (1867-1934) J.J Thompson's country of origin was England. J.J Thompson discovered the electron, the isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. Thompson thought and atom was a positively charged matter in which electrons were distributed like raisins in a cake. Thompson proved that cathode rays carried a negative charge in 1895. His discoveries were made over a few years from 1894 through 1912. In Thomson’s "Plum Pudding Model" each atom was a sphere filled with a positively charged fluid. The fluid was called the "pudding." Scattered in this fluid were electrons known as the "plums."

**Henri Becquerel**- (1856-1940) Henri Becquerel's country of origin was France. Becquerel studied infrared radiation. He also studied the spectra of different phosphorescent crystals in infrared stimulation. He extended his fathers work by working with the relationship between absorption of light and emission of phosphorescence in uranium compounds. The Becquerel was named after him. Becquerel discoveries led him to investigate the spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation in 1896.


 * 1900-1915**

World Events: 1903- first transcontinental auto trip was completed 1912- Titanic sunk 1914- World War 1 begins


 * [[image:Curie_Art_1.JPG width="200" height="234" caption="Curie_Art_1.JPG"]]Marie Curie**-(1867-1934) Marie Curie's country of origin was Poland. Marie Curie was the first women chemist. She worked with radioactivity, x-rays in medicine, and changes in the atomic nucleus. Curie’s discovery in changes in the atomic nucleus led the way toward the modern understanding of the atom as an entity that can be split to release enormous amounts of energy. Marie curie also discovered the elements radium and polonium. Curie’s discoveries were made over the years from 1903 and 1918.

This is a sample of radium.

Was born on March 22, 1868. His home town was Morrison, Illinois. He Died December 19, 1953. In his life time he had a great impact on the structure of the atom. In 1909, Millikan was set out to determine the measurement of electrical charge with the use of x-rays. In the process of doing so he discovered the most persuasive evidence to support that electrons were basic particles, and that they all had the equal mass and charge. In 1913, he revealed the value for electronic charge as 4.774 + .009 x 10-1 11. He discovered this by doing an experiment called the "falling-drop method.”
 * [[image:robert_millikan.jpg width="150" height="181"]]__Robert Millikan__-**

He was born in Nelson, New Zealand on August 30, 1871. He died in Cambridge on October 19, 1937. In 1911 he became famous for discovering that protons were held in the center of the atom, this is also where most of the atom's mass was contained, and the rest of the atom was made up of mostly empty space. The protons had a positive charge and they were orbited by electrons with a negative charge. Rutherford over came this while using the experiment where he shot radioactive particles through a piece of thin gold. Most of the particles would just fly on through while every once and a while one would bounce back, noting that the atom was made of holes, and there was something in the center causing the particles to bounce back. Also known today as the nucleus.
 * [[image:ernest_rutherford.jpg width="161" height="199"]]__Ernest Rutherford__** -

In the planetary model of the atom, which is based on the solar system, the nucleus is at the centre like the sun, with the electrons (e−) orbiting like planets. Inside the nucleus, we find two principal subatomic particles, together termed nucleons. These are the protons (p+) and neutrons (no). Protons are positively charged, neutrons have no electric charge, and both have similar masses (approximately 1 atomic mass unit).

His Foil Experiment

**__Neils Bohr__**- Neils Henrik David Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on October 7, 1885. He died in his home town on November 18, 1962. In 1913 he was admired for his theory on the structure of the atom. He proposed that the nucleus help a positive charge and the electrons had a negative charge, which orbited the center. Borh further explains that he believes that the outer obits could contain more electrons than the inner orbits, and that the outer orbit established the atom's chemical properties.

Protons and neutrons are found in the small, heavy nucleus, or centre, of the atom. The electrons circle the nucleus, much as planets orbit the sun.


 * 1915-1950**

World Events: 1939- World War 2 1941- Pearl Harbor- December 7th 1944- D-day- stroming of Normandie- June 6th

__Erwin Schrodinger__ - Schrodinger was born on August 12, 1887 in Vienna, Austria. He later died on the 4th of January, 1961. In 1926, he published his most famous work, the equation that explains the movement of electrons in an atom. It contained extremely hard math and many could not comprehend it.

This model basically describes a cloud-like region where the electron is likely to be found.

**__Werner Heisenberg__** - He was born on 5th December, 1901 in Würzburg, Germany. He past away died on February 1, 1976. In 1927, he discovered the uncertainty principle. This stated that if someone tries to measure the placement of a particle it disrupts its momentum.

**__James Chadwick__** - He was born in Cheshire, England on 20th October, 1891. He died July 24, 1974. In 1932, he made the important discovery of neutrons. A particle in an atom that held a neutral charge, neither positive nor negative. This discovery helped tell the difference between the atomic number and the mass number.


 * 1950-Current**

World Events: 1950- President Truman appoved the production of the hyrogen-bomb 1953- Hillary and Tensing climbed Mount Everest. 1969- First man on the moon.

**__Glen Seaborg__**- **Glenn Theodore Seaborg** was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, on April 19, 1912. He died //on February 25, 1999. Through the years of 1937 to 1939 he published many scientific papers. He also discovered 10 atomic elements and one was even named after him,// "seaborgium."


 * __[[image:gell-man_bio.jpg width="122" height="172"]]Murray Gell-Mann__**- He was born on 15th September 1929, in New York City. In his contributions he found that the neutron and the proton are composed of fundamental building blocks, with very unusual properties. In 1964, he was noted for his classification of subatomic particles and his proposal of the existence of quarks. Quarks are seen as "elementary particles" and are the building blocks for all matter.

**__Hans Bethe__**- **Hans Albrecht Bethe** was born in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, on July 2 1906. He passed on //March 6, 2005. His work focused on the theory of// atomic nuclei. In 1935-1938 he studied the theory of nuclear reactions. And he developed Bohr's theory of the compound nucleus in a more detail.

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 * Resources:**