422-002+P.+Grady+and+J.+Todd+Big+Time+Line+Project

Although this program does not give the individual the best exercises to do to lose weight, it does stress the importance of physical activity to maintain a healthy lifestyle. **[|the diet solution program]**
 * The solid model suggests that an atom is little more than a singular, solid particle without any other components.
 * The planetary model of an atom is a representation where the positively charged nucleus is in the center with the negatively charged electrons orbiting around the nucleus on separate paths.


 * __Democritus__** (long time ago, Greece)
 * "spherical atoma move because it is their nature never to be still, and that as they move they draw the whole body along with them, and set it in motion."


 * Democritus was born in Abdera in 460BC. He was born into a wealthy father and his father was a part of the Persian army. The king had given him money and gifts so Democritus grew up more privileged then other Greeks. After his father died he used his families inheritance to pay for his travels around the world to study many different types of sciences. He became very famous by using his knowledge of natural phenomena and he predicted the weather. He made people believe that he could predict future events because he could predict the weather. People were intrigued by his talents so they believed in the things he said and that is how he became famous. He was considered "The Laughing Philosopher.


 * __Aristotle__** (384-322 BCE)
 * Air
 * Earth
 * Fire
 * Water
 * Aristotle considered the universe to be a scale that was between two extremes. His two extremes were form without matter and matter without form. Aristotle rejects the idea of space as the void. He believed that empty space is and impossibility. He also opposes the idea that elements are composed of geometrical figures. He believed that air, earth, fire, and water were essentials in life and nature.


 * __Epicurus__** (341-270 BC)


 * Epicurus had a big contribution to science during the ancient Greek times. He is responsible for laying much of the foundation for all sciences. Many of his aspects still have a part in todays sciences and they are relevant today. He was a big philosopher as well. He dealt with self thoughts and friendship. Many of his philosophies emphasize cultivations of friendship. He was a very optimistic man who was liberal and believed that his philosophies could keep people from fearing things such as death. Some of his physiological views also contributed to the development of western civilization. His philosophies are known as Epicurean Philosophy.
 * __John Dalton__** (1766-1844, England)


 * John Dalton was a chemist born in England, he was a Quaker, and he got an early education from his father and from a friendly teacher. Before he became a chemist he had to start out as a farm worker then he joined his cousin to work at a school where he played a big role. What he is most known for is his studies on the atomic theory. Dalton’s model showed that all atoms in any given chemical are the same as another atom in that same atom. This also showed that the atoms of a different element are different form another judging by their atomic weight.

The plum pudding model was a representation of an atom. The "pudding" represented the positively charged fluid that filled the inside of an atom. The "plums" represented negatively charged electrons that he believed were floating freely. The negatively charged fluid was said to hold the electrons in the atoms do to the opposing charges. Thompson believed that the electrons were attracted to the fluid because the fluid was positive and the electrons were negative. The radius of the model was 10-10 meters.
 * __J.J. Thompson__** (1856-1940, England)
 * Thompson created a plum pudding model of an atom.


 * __Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen__** (1845-1923, Germany)
 * Created first X-ray
 * Used his wife's hand to make the first X-ray
 * Created first X-ray Used his wife's hand to make the first X-ray Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, without knowing it, borrowed his wifes hand to experiment on and he was the first to x-ray something. He accidentally discovered the x-ray. He had uranium and he was going to use it in another experiment but the weather did not cooperate so he placed the uranium into his draw with a photographic plate. Not thinking it would do anything he decided to get the photographic plate developed. To his surprise there was his wifes hand with her ring and you could see the bones. The discovery of the x-ray has helped the world everywhere with out it so many medicines and medical problems would not be solved.


 * __Henri Becquerel__** (1852-1908, France)


 * Henri Becquerel was born one step ahead of most of the other scientists because he was born into a family of scientists so he was brought up through all different sciences. He was also known for discovering types of radioactivity. He taught Marie Curie a little bit but he did not teach her a lot. He also studied nuclear radiation after doing an experiment with photographic plates and he learned that the plates had been exposed without the light he thought that they needed.


 * __Marie Curie__** (1867-1934, France)
 * Got Nobel prize in Physics for radioactivity.
 * Got Nobel prize in Chemistry for discovery of Polonium and Radium.
 * Marie Curie lived a very difficult and harsh life. She grew up during a time period in which women were not allowed to attend many if not all of the colleges. This meant that she could not follow her dream and become a chemist. However she did get in and she started working with her husband and he helped her get into college. She was treated badly by the other chemists and if she had an idea they might not listen to her and consider it in their research. She with some help from her husband was able ot work with the little supplies she was given and she discovered the elements Polonium and Radium. For these discoveries she was awarded the noble peace prize in Chemistry. In chemistry she is the reason why we know that some things are radioactive. For this discovery of radioactivity she was awarded the noble peace prize in Physics.


 * __Ernest Rutherford__** (1871-1937, New Zealand)
 * Created gold foil experiment
 * The gold foil experiment was when a beam of light was shot at a very thin gold plate. Rutherford believed that the light would just pass right through, however he was wrong. Some rays went straight through, some went through but were deflected into a different direction, some bounced back at an agle and to his surprise some even bounced straight back at him. He said said it was as if he took a pistol and shot it at a piece of tissue paper and the bullet bounced back off the tissue paper and hit him. To add to the contribution of discovering the atom Rutherford made the solar system model. He discovered that an atom was mostly just empty space that surrounded a positively charged nucleus. The positive nucleus was surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus was made up of positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons.




 * To add to the contribution of discovering the atom Rutherford made the solar system model. He discovered that an atom was mostly just empty space that surrounded a positively charged nucleus. The positive nucleus was surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus was made up of protons and neutrons. The protons are positive and the neutrons are nether positive nor negative. For his contributions he received the noble prize in 1908 (Neils Bohr later added to the model of an atom.)


 * __Robert A. Millikan__** (1868-1953, U.S.A)


 * Robert Millikan was an American physicist. He won the Nobel prize in 1923. He studied charges and the photoelectric effect. He won his Nobel prize for discovering the charge of an electron. The photoelectric effect is an electronic phenomenon. Its when electrons are emitted after they absorb energy and they emit light and different rays such as x-rays. He named it photoelectric effect because the emitting electrons were known as photoelectrons.

In 1913 he developed the first successful model of the atom, since then we still use Bohr's model to explain the many aspects of physical occurring such as the appearance of spectra. He helped fix a problem involving why the electron particles don't just fall down towards the middle of the nucleus. He came up with the reason being that the electrons are confined to a specific orbit that were quantized, so even with the loss of energy the electrons stay in their orbit. He improved the earlier models of the atom into what we use today. For his contributions he received the noble peace prize in 1913.
 * __Niels Bohr__** (1885-1962, Denmark)
 * created the Electron cloud model.


 * __Erwin Schrodinger__** (1877-1961)


 * Erwin won the Nobel Prize in 1933 for his equation and his studies on quantum mechanics. He lived during a tough time and he had some issued doing some things because he lived during the Hitler era and he opposed their Nazism. The Schrodinger equation has to do with quantum mechanics. Much of his work was only used in Europe and he did his studying in Vienna.


 * __Werner Heisenberg__** (1901-1976)


 * Like Erwin, Werner studied the quantum mechanics. He was a German physicist. He is considered to be one of the best physicist int he twentieth century. His work was very debatable but very important. He developed a one of the most important principles in modern physics. He called it the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This means "that it is impossible to have a particle that has an arbitrarily well-defined position and momentum simultaneously."

Best known for discovering the neutron.
 * __James Chadwick__** (1891-1974)
 * Before James became a chemist he was a prisoner of war in Germany during World War 1. When the war ended he was released and he returned to England to finish school. When he returned to college he was taught by Ernest Rutherford. His contribution was that he discovered the neutron. This is what made him famous. His main study was of radioactivity but after Rutherford discovered the proton, James and other scientists believed that the proton was not the only thing in an atoms nucleus. He was convinced that there was something else there that did not have a charge. James repeated some experiments that were done by other scientist but he was looking for this unknown particle. Do to his discovery the picture of an atom changed dramatically and his discovery also led to more studying of atomic physics.


 * __CURRENT EVENTS__**

1. Thales of Milets is the first known Greek philosopher. 2. Eratosthenes of Alexandria is credited with being the first person to measure the Earth's circumference. 3. Concepts of physics were stated by Indian Philosophers around 600 BC.
 * __Ancient Greece__**

1. Christopher Columbus correctly predicts the total eclipse of the moon in 1540. 2. The Chinese calculate the length of the solar year as about 365.25 days. 3. Christiaan Huygens discovers the rings of Saturn in 1656.
 * __466-1700__**

1. Farenheit builds a mercury thermometer, using a scale which is later named after him in 1714. 2. Benjamin Franklin performs his famous kite experiment in which he shows that lightning is a form of electricity in 1752. 3. Chlorine is used to purify water by William Cruikshank in 1800.
 * __1700-1800__**

1. The first amino acid is discovered in 1806. 2. The term 'kinetic energy' is used for the first time in 1829. 3. The distance of the Earth from the sum is calculated by astronomers as 147 million km, only 2.6 million km less than our estimate today in 1864.
 * __1800-1875__**

1. Gallium is discovered in 1875. 2. Helium is discovered on Earth, it was previously thought only to exist in the Sun in 1895. 3. The electron is discovered by English physicist Joseph John Thomson in 1897.
 * __1875-1900__**

1. The first direct blood transfusion is performed by George Crile in 1905. 2. Albert Einstein comes up wit E=mc2. 3. Vitamins A and B are discovered in 1913.
 * __1900-1915__**

1. Harold Urey discovers deuterium in 1932. 2. Dennis Gaber invented holography. 3. George Gamow, Ralph Adler, and Robert Herman develop the Big Bang Theory.
 * __1915-1950__**

1. Albert Einstein dies on April 18, 1955 at age 76. 2. The ink jet printer is developed by IBM in 1976. 3. On September 11, 2001 terrorists attack the twin towers in New York City.
 * __1950-Present__**

__**Bibliography**__

Sites used- http://library.thinkquest.org/28582/history/plum.htm http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel http://www.nndb.com/people/278/000049131/ http://www.epicurus.net/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg []


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