S.+Levey+Time+Line+Project

=history of the atom timeline.=


 * MAJOUR WORLD EVENTS.**

//Ancient.//

Julius Caesar [lived from B.C. to 44 B.C.] invated Great Britain in 55 B.C. and conquered Gaul, France.
 * __100 B.C. - 51 B.C__**.

In 79 A.D., Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city of Pompeii, killing over 20,000 people in its rage.
 * __79 A.D.__**

The first Olympic Games was recorded in 776 B.C.
 * __776 B.C.__**

//500 - 1800.//

During the course of the Revolution, France was transformed from an absolute monarchy to a republic of theoretically free and equal citizens. The effects of the French Revolution were widespread, both inside and outside of France, and the Revolution ranks as one of the most important events in the history of Europe.
 * __French Revolution - 1789 - 1799__**

The American Revolutionary War was a war between Great Britain and thirteen British colonies that lasted from 1775 to 1783. This war was caused because of taxes and rights and resulted in the Treaty of Paris.
 * __The American Revolutionary War__**

"Renaissance", in French, means "rebirth." During this time, Italy was hitting its peak. The Renaissance was connected with the rediscovery of ancient philosophy, literature, and science.
 * __1300s - Itay's Renaissance__**

//1800 - 1875.//

The Battle of Waterloo was held on June 18, 1815 in southern Brussels. The war was against Napoleon, a French Emperor, and the Duke of Wellington.
 * __Battle of Waterloo__**

Following Ireland's independence that was gained on December 5, 1922, the name of the United Kingdon continued in official use until it was changed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
 * __1801 - Great Britain and the Kingdon of Ireland come together to form the United Kingdom__**

This war occurred on August 13, 1812. August naval battles in the War of 1812 began with the United States Navy defeating the British.
 * __War of 1812__**

//1875 - 1900.//

In 1879, Thomas Edison used a low current of electricity with a small carbonized filament and placed it inside a vacuum and was able to produce a long-lasting source of light.
 * __1879 - Edison invents the light bulb__**


 * __1876 - 1914 - Gilded Age__**

During the years from 1876 to 1914, there was an extreme increase in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States. These years are called the Gilded Age.

During 1898 - 1902, The One Thousand Days War broke out in Colombia between the Liberales [Liberal party] and Conservadores [Conservative party].
 * __1898 - 1902 - The One Thousand Days War__**

//1900 - 1915.//

The Russian Revolution began in St. Petersburg on January 22, 1905. The revolution was the culmination of a long period of repression and unrest. From the time of Peter the Great, the czardom increasingly became an autocratic bureaucracy that imposed its will on the people by force, with wanton disregard for human life and liberty. This Revolution overthrew czardom.
 * __1905 - Russian Revolution__**

When Haley's Comet was first spotted in 1910, it took the world by storm and people prepared for the end of the world.
 * __1910 - Haley's Comet__**

The Panama Canal officially opened on August 15, 1914. It was a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, and it connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This canal was a great improvement for ship travelling because traveling time for ship handlers by more than half.
 * __1914 - Panama Canal Opens__**

//1915 - 1950.//

The first World War lasted for four years. Imperial, territorial, and economic rivalries led to the war between the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey) and the Allies (U.S., Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro, Portugal, Italy, and Japan).
 * __World War I - 1914 - 1918__**

The second World War lasted for six years. Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) were against the Allies (U.S., Britain, France, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia). The majour influential country during this war was Germany, and that's all because of Hitler.
 * __World War II - 1939 - 1945__**

The Great Depression was an economic slump in North America, Europe, and other industrialized areas of the world that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world.
 * __The Great Depression__**

//1950 - Current Day.//

The Vietnam War is said to be the longest military conflict known to date. The war lasted from 1959 to 1975. The war was a military struggle fought in Vietnam involving the North Vietnamese and the National Liberation Front in conflict with United States forces and the South Vietnamese army.
 * __Vietnam War__**

The Korean war lasted from 1950 -1953. World War II divided Korea into two halves: the north was a communist half, and the southern half was occupied by America. The southern part was divided at the 38th parallel. The war began when the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea.
 * __Korean War__**

September 11 has to be one of the most eminent acts in history. This event happen in New York when two planes crashed into the Twin Towers, killing close to three thousand people. The two planes were hijacked by nineteen terrorists who were affiliated with al-Quaeda.
 * __September 11, 2001.__**

[sites used for all majour world events.] http://www.infoplease.com/spot/timelinearchive.html http://americasbesthistory.home.att.net/abhtimeline1810.html


 * MODELS OF THE ATOM.**

In 1807, John Dalton theorized that the atom was the smallest piece of matter. He discribed these atoms as small, indivisible and solid spheres with a density. He also postulated that each element had a unique count of atoms, and if it was changed in the slightest bit, it would be a different element.
 * __The small, spherical, solid, indivisible model__**

During the 1920s, Erwin Schrodinger and Louis de Broglie proposed the Electron Cloud model. In model, there is no specific orbit for an electron as it moves about the nucleus. Instead, there is a region of most probable electron location called a state. Each electron occupies one state. A state can hold no more than two electrons. The high probability volume for an electron is called an "electron cloud".
 * __The Electron Cloud Model__**

__** J.J. Thompson proposed this atomic model in 1904. In the model, eac atom was a sphere filled with positively charged fluid [the fluid was the "pudding."]. In the fluid were scattered electrons [the plums.] He suggested that the positive fluid held the electrons in place in the atom because of electrical forces.
 * __The Plum Pudding Model

__** Bohr gave much improvements to Rutherford's model, which is why this model is referred to the Rutherford-Bohr model. Borh added the idea of fixed orbits and energy levels for the electrons in the nucleus. This suggested that electrons can move to higher energy levels for a certain amount of time.
 * __Rutherford-Bohr Model

In 1908, Ernest Rutherford theorized that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense positively charged nucleus surrounded by electroms. In 1913, Bohr proposed his idea that electroms traveled in a circular orbit around the nucleus. This is similar to the planets. All planets orbit around the sun, similarly to how the electrons orbit around the nucleus.
 * __The Planetary Model__**

[sites used for models of the atom.] [|www.library.thinkquest.org/28582/history/plum.htm] [|www.csep.10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/bohr.html] http://regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys05/catomodel/cloud.htm http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/CH11/unit5/U05L01.htm http://www.crcs.k12.ny.us/physics/notes/modern/modern_note.htm

//ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS//.

[from http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/images/Leucippus1.jpg]
 * __Leucippus__**. [5th century B.C.E. - unknown.]

Leucippus is stated as the earliest Greek philosopher to date. He was born in the 5th century B.C.E, piossibly in Miletus. Leucippus held the original theories of the atom and the atomic theory. His theory was that the universe consisted of two elements, which he called "the full" or solid and "the empty" or the void. His student, Democritus, carried out much of his studies.

[sites used.] http://www.iep.utm.edu/l/leucippu.htm http://www.thebigview.com/greeks/democritus.html http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leucippus/

__**Democritus**__. [460 B.C. - 370 B.C.] [from http://www.nndb.com/people/790/000087529/democritus-1-sized.jpg]

Democritus was born in Abdera, Greece and was one of the earliest Greek philosophers known to date. During his time, he hypothesized that all matter is made up of tiny pieces. His idea was that all atoms need to take motion in some place, and this place was the //void//. The void, according to Democritus and his fellow Greek philosophers, was understood as being as non-being as possible.

"Democritus and the Void" by Sarah Mapel - Honours Art Student work.

[sites used.] http://www.drury.edu/ess/history/ancient/Democritus.html

__**Aristotle**__. [384 B.C.- 322 B.C.] [from http://www.webquest.org/questgarden/lessons/02460-050922124447/images/Aristotle.gif]

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher born in northern Greece in 384 B.C. Aristotle is known for his theory that the world is made up of four main elements: water, air, earth, and fire. When each of these four elements interacted, they formed materials that corresponded to each element. Here is a simple chart explaining each element and how they reacted together:



[sites used.] http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aris.htm http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/0/0a/Four_elements_representation.png

//1800 - 1875.//

[from http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/essential/physicalsci/images/s4.dalton.jpg]
 * __John Dalton__**. [1766 - 1844]

John Dalton was an English chemist born in Cumberland, England on September 6, 1766 and died on July 27, 1844. In 1803, Dalton proposed his Atomic Theory: he stated that all matter is composed of tiny particles, called atoms. He also stated that atoms gave each element unique characteristics and wights. Finally, he theorized that three different types of atoms existed - simple, compound, and complex.

[sites used.] http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Dalton.html

__**Robert Millikan**__. [1868 - 1953] [from http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=68969&rendTypeId=4]

Robert Millikan was an American physicist who was born in Morrison, Illinois on March 22, 1868 and died on December 19, 1953. By using his oil drop experiment in 1909, he determined the charge of an electron.

[example of Millikan's oil drop experiment.]

[sites used.] http://www.physchem.co.za/Static%20Electricity/Millikan.htm http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Millikan.html

__**Ernest Rutherford**__. [1871 - 1937] [from http://www.atomicarchive.com/Images/bio/H01.jpg]

Ernest Rutherford was born in Nelson, New Zealand on August 30, 1871 and died on October 19, 1937. He is very well known for making the names //alpha, beta, and gamma.// These words were to classify different rays since rays were poorly understood in his time. Alpha and beta rays are particle beams, and gamma rays are a high-energy form of electromagnetic radiation.

[sites used.] http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Rutherford.html

//1875 - 1900.//

[from http://www.manep.ch/img/photo/challenges/nanotubes/thompson.jpg]
 * __J.J. Thompson__**. [1856 - 1940]

Joseph John Thompson was born in Manchester, UK on December 18, 1856 and died on August 30, 1940. In 1897, Thompson discovered the existence of the electron by studying a series of experiments based on the nature of electric discharge in a cathode-ray tube.

[sites used.] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.htmlhttp://www.aip.org/history/electron/jjthomson.htmhttp://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/atomic/thomson.html

[from http://www.mpe.mpg.de/xray/wave/general/roentgen/roentgen-1.gif]
 * __Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen__**. [1845 -1923]

Wilhem Roentgen was a German physicist born in Lennep, Prussia on March 27, 1845 and died on February 10, 1923. In 1895, he discovered x-rays by studying a barium platinocyanida-covered sheet of paper that glowed whenever a cathode ray tube was on. Roentgen received a nobel prize for physics in 1901.

[sites used.] http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Roentgen.html

__**Erwin Schrodinger**__. [1887 - 1961] [from http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=20947&rendTypeId=4]

Erwin Schrodinger was an Austrian-Irish physicist who was born in Erdberg, Vienna on August 12, 1887 and died on January 4, 1961. In 1993, he contributed his ideas to the study of quantum mechanics. He also received a nobel prize for the Schrodinger equation that same year. The Schrodinger equation looks like this: The Schrodinger equation is used to find the energy levels of quantum mechanical systems (such as atoms, or transistors).

[sites used.] http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae329.cfm?CFID=22338072&CFTOKEN=62264193 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html

__**James Chadwick**__. [1891 - 1974] [from http://wwwlapp.in2p3.fr/neutrinos/centenaire/radimg/chadwick.jpg]

James Chadwick was an English physicist born in Cambridge, England on October 20, 1891 and died on July 24, 1974. In 1932, Chadwick discovered the existence of neutrons. He stated that neutrons have no charge and received the nobel prize in physics in 1935.

[sites used.] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html

//1900 - 1915.//

[from http://www.rtstudents.com/radiology/images/antione-henri-becquerel.jpg]
 * __Henri Becquerel__**. [1852 - 1908]

Henri Becquerel was a French physicist who was born in Paris, France on December 15, 1852 and died on August 25, 1908. Becquerel was one of the discoverers of radioactovity. During many of his experiments with uranium and other substances, he came across radioactivity. In 1903, Becquerel shared a nobel prize in physics with the Curies.

[sites used.] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html http://www.rtstudents.com/radiology/antoine-henri-becquerel.htm http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/historical_background.html

[from http://myweb.dal.ca/lt531391/curie.jpg]
 * __Marie Curie__**. [1867 - 1934]

Marie Curie was a Polish physicist and chemist born in Warsaw, Poland on November 7, 1867 and died on July 4, 1934. Curie was a chemist to discover radioactivity in 1903. Some years later in 1911, Curie and her husband discovered the radioactive elements Polonium and Radium. By this time, the word "radioactive" was patented by the Curies. In 1903. the Curies shared a nobel prize for physics with Henri Becquerel.

[from http://www.facade.com/celebrity/photo/Niels_Bohr.jpg]
 * __Neils Bohr__**. [1885 - 1962]

Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist born on October 7, 1885 and died on November 18, 1962. In 1913, he published a theory about the structure of the atom based on one of Rutherford's theories. Rutherford showed that the atom consisted of a positively charged nucleus with negatively charged electrons in orbit around it. Bohr expanded this theory by proposing that electrons travel only in certain larger orbits. He theorized that the outer orbits could hold more electrons than the inner orbits. Bohr also described the way atoms emit radiation by suggesting that when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to an inner one, that it emits light. In 1922, he received the nobel prize for his ideas on the structure of atoms.

[sites used.] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95oct/nbohr.html

//1915 - 1950//.

__**Werner Heisenberg**__. [1901 - 1976] [from http://www.biologie.de/w/images/thumb/0/08/300px-Werner_Heisenberg.jpg]

Werner Heisenberg was a German physicist who was born in Wurzburg, Germany on December 5, 1901 and died on February 1, 1976. During 1925, Heisenberg discovered a way to formulate quantum mechanics. In 1927, he derived the uncertainty principle that states.

[sites used.] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html