vanessa.didomenico.atomichistory.fall.2009

Miletus (Modern day Turkey) 583 B.C.E-545 B.C.E.
 * Ancient Times (450 AD and years prior)**
 * Thales of Miletus

Thales came up with the theory that water was the most basic substance that therse was formed of. He also believed that earth floated on water. He was one of the original people to ask how the universe came to be. This was the catalyst man needed to truly start the thought process known as science, let alone chemistry. Miletus (Modern day Turkey) 610 B.C.E.-546 B.C.E. He claimed that nature, like people, is governed by laws. Anything that goes against these laws will not last long. He also believed that there were only four core elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Another one of his beliefs was that the universe was "boundless" and that the Earth was the same size as the sun. That was widely criticized until much later in history. He even came up with the idea that when a being is dying, it is simply returning to the element from which it came. (Law of Conservation?) He is believed to be one of the first true scientists of mankind. > Thrace, Greece > 460-370 B.C.E. > Democritus was credited for thinking of the concept that there were only two things that made up the universe: atoms and the void in which atoms move around in. He believed that atoms made up all things perceptable, and that atoms were too small comprehend. He also believed that atoms combined together to create things that are perceptable. The outstanding thing about Democritus was that he figured all this out in the ancient times without any tools. Furthermore, he was partly correct. The only thing he came up with that was wrong was that mass can not be destroyed. Nonetheless, he was a key figure in unlocking secrets of the atomic history. > Stragira, Greece > 384-322 B.C.E. > > Aristotle came up with the idea that there were only four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. He said that the elements can combine to form different things. His ideas were flawed. According to Aristotle, atoms could not exist because he believed that in between atoms is vacuum(so there is space in between them). Aristotle's views were widely accepted for a very long time because it was difficult to disprove his theories during that time. So until the technology and other principles for studying nature( scientific method) came along, his idea's kept study of chemistry going.
 * Anaximander of Miletus
 * Democritus
 * Aristotle

1700-1800 United States of America (1706-1790) He may be on the $100 bill, but thats not the reason for why he is important. He did many studies involving electricity. His big idea was that there was possibly positive AND negative electricities. He came up with the concept of the Electric Charge Conservation Law. He also was able to explain what electrostatic induction is. These findings greatly contributed to understanding how electrons behave.
 * Benjamin Franklin

1800-1875

> Cumberland, England
 * John Dalton

John Dalton is one of the most crucial people when understanding Atomic History. While figuring out how gasses behaved, he was able to come to the conclusion of how atoms behaved. From this he stated his version of Atomin Theory. He came up with laws that were mostly true. Not bad for a person from the 1800's. His theories greatly shaped our concept of atomic behavior and qualities. -//Dalton's Atomic Theory Rules:// " > > > > > **1875-1900** Rontgen was born in 1845. He was not just a scientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. His work was mainly in x-ray technology. He used his wifes hand to get images using radioactivy materials to produce images. He died in 1923.
 * The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element; the atoms of different elements can be distinguished from one another by their respective relative atomic weights.
 * All atoms of a given element are identical.
 * Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form chemical compounds; a given compound always has the same relative numbers of types of atoms.
 * Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, nor destroyed in the chemical process; a chemical reaction simply changes the way atoms are grouped together.
 * Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms"
 * Wilhelm C Rontgen (1845-1923)

Marie Curie was born in 1867. She was from Poland and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903. She discovered polonium and radium. She was also famous for being a women scientist. She pioneered radioactivity, a word she came up with. She worked closely with her husband Pierre. She earned a second Nobel Prize for isolating radium. She is the first women to win two Nobel Prizes. She died in 1934.
 * Marie Curie
 * (1867-1934)


 * Henri Becquerel
 * (1852-1908)

Henri Becquerel was born on December 15, 1852 in Paris. He worked with Marie Curie on the discovery of radioactivity. He proved that the rays emitted from uranium were used as X-rays. He did work with phosphorescence and with the absorption of light by crystals. In 1903, Marie Curie, her husband and Henri Becquerel were all awarded with a Nobel Prize. He died in August of 1908;


 * JJ Thomson
 * (1856-1940)
 * JJ Thomson was born in England in 1856. He is most famous for his plum pudding model. He worked with isotoped and discovered the electron. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906. He is also very famous for proving the Hydrogen only has one electron.

The plum pudding model is an earlier version of what scientists thought an atom may have looked like. Electrons were thought to have floated wherever they wanted throughout the atom and the rest of the atom had a positive charge. This model was disproven by the Rutherford Experiment.


 * 1900-1915**
 * fucked his wife (:
 * (1885-1962)



He worked under Sir J.J. Thompson and worked at the side of Earnest Rutherford. He helped discover the nucleus. He created a model for hydrogen as well. He had to escape Denmark due to Nazi invasion and spent the final two years of the war in England and America. He worked on the Manhattan Project and fathered a son who would later win the Nobel Prize. He is considered on the the greatest scientists of the 20th century. He is most known for the Bohr Model. The Bohr Model explains the atom as a small nucleus, that has a positive charge, with orbiting electrons around it. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his break through work.

This is a representation of the Bohr Model with a nucleus and orbiting electrons around it.


 * Robert Milikan
 * [[image:http://www.huwu.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan.jpg width="162" height="227" caption="Robert A. Millikan"]]
 * Robert Milikan was born in 1868 in Illinois, USA. He was earned a PhD and was an author of many Physics textbooks. He was known for discovering the charge carried by the electron. In 1919, he proved that the charge quantity was the same in all electrons. He did studies with UV and radiation as well. By discovering this he put an end to all opposition to the atomic and kinetic theories of matter.


 * Earnest Rutherford
 * (1871-1937)

Earnest Rutherford is very well known for his Gold Foil expierement. We talk about it all the time in class. He was a chemist from New Zealand. HE was known for proving atoms have a positive charge in thier nueclus. He split the atom in 1917. He came up with the terms alpha and beta in 1899. Rutherford's Gold foil expierment proved JJ Thomsons's Plum Pudding model wrong. This concluded that the atom had a nucelus. Above is a representation of the Gold Foil expierment and how it works.


 * 1915-1950**
 * James Chadwick
 * (1891-1974)

James Chadwick was born in 1891 in England. He is most famous for discovering the nuetron and because of this won the Nobel Prize in 1935. Inside the nucleus, there were particles that did not have a charge. He is a co-author of a science book and proved that there are nuetrons. Above is his picture and a diagram representing his work and discovery.
 * Lise Meitner
 * (1878-1968)

Lise Meitner was a Swedish physicist. She was known for nuclear physics and radioactivity. She helped discover nuclear fission. She discovered the radiationless transition known as the Auger effect. She was annexed out of Germany in 1938. She then went to Sweden. She died in 1968. Above is her picture and a picture of what her discovery represented.


 * Robert Oppenhiemer
 * (1904-1967)

Rober Oppenhiemer was most famous for his controbutions to the atomic bomb in World War II. He was from America and studied at the University of California, Berkley. He first tested the bomb in New Mexico. He was best in the areas of quantium physics and nuclear physics. He was also the scientific director of the Manhattan Project.

[|www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/baoppe.html] en.wikipedia.org www.atomicarchive.com [|www.timelineindex.com/content/view/1228] phoenicia.org/**thales**.html www.aip.org/history/electron/**jjthomson**.htm www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/**Anaximander**.html www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/.../**dalton**.html www.livingwithcerebralpalsy.com/**william**-scoliosis.php [] [] [] []
 * Sources:**

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