Fall.2008.MMA.Durbin1.Timeline

By Nathaniel Durbin and Jacob Rattigan Chemistry timeline October 29, 2008


 * **Democritus:** 460bc-370bc
 * **Pato:** 428bc-347bc
 * **Aristotle:** 384bc-322bc
 * **Anotoine Laurent Lavoisier:** 1743-1794
 * **John Dalton:** 1766-1844
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Amedeo Avogadro**: 1776-<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1856
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Wilhelm C Roentgen:** 1845-1923
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Henri Becquerel:** 1852-1908
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> **JJ Thomson:** 1856- 1940
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Robert Millikan:** 1868-1953
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Ernest Rutherford:** 1871-1933
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Marie Curie:** 1871-1937
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Niels Henrik David Bohr:** 1885- 1962
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**Erwin Schrodinger:** 1887-1961
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> **J** **ames Chadwick:** 1891-1974
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">**W** **erner Heisenberg:** 1901-1976

**//__Democritus __//** Born: circa 460bc Dead: circa 370bc Country of Origin: Grease Democritus was a Greek philosopher that live around the circa 400 BC. He was an apprentice of Leucippus, they both organized the concept that matter was made up by small molecules called atom. He also was one of the first to argue the existents of a void. With chemistry he proposed that the soul was a spherical atom because there characteristics are to always move. Beside being a chemist he explores the basics of math and geometry, Democritus was one of the first to observe that cones or pyramids have one third of the volume of a cylinder or prism that have the same height and base.

Born: circa 428bc Died: circa 347bc Country of Origin: Athens Plato was an Athenian philosopher. He was lived around circa 428bc – 347bc. He was the first to develop the concept of Elements. This consisted of 4 elements Air, Fire, Earth and Water. In his theory every thing were derived from this elements. Each element consisted of particular properties. Air which was wet and secondarily hot, fire which wa s hot and secondarily dry, earth which was dry and secondarily cold, and water which was cold and secondarily wet. This concept remanded way into the Renaissance.
 * //__Plato[[image:http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:quDMnW5gMPU56M:http://images.unurthed.com/Holmyard-four-elements-22.jpg width="210" height="200" align="right" link="http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.unurthed.com/Holmyard-four-elements-22.jpg&imgrefurl=http://unurthed.com/2007/07/&h=386&w=400&sz=21&hl=en&start=29&um=1&usg=__ocVGu10vR48P_ru9yYOOBCBxxsY=&tbnid=quDMnW5gMPU56M:&tbnh=120&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfour%2Belements%26start%3D21%26ndsp%3D21%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DKUS_enUS286US286%26sa%3DN"]]__//**

Born: circa 384 Died: circa 322 Country of Origin: Grease He was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato. Live around 384 BC – 322 BC. With Plato he came up with the earthly elements. He described them thought there natural motions. For example earth sink in water, while air bubbles up, rain falls, flame rises in air. With these observation he said that the earthly element have a circular motion.
 * //__ [[image:http://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/aristotle2.jpg width="285" height="309" align="right"]]Aristotle __//**

**//__Antoine Lavoisier__//** Born: August 26 1743 Died: May 8 1794 Country of Origin: France

Antoine Lavoisier lived from 26 August 1743 to 8th of May 1794. He was a French chemist and is consisted to be the father of modern day chemistry. He demonstrated the roll that oxygen had in the rusting of metals and its roll in plants and animals respiration. He also discovered how combustion disproved the phlogiston theory. Which states that all mater that was combustible contained phlogiston an odorless, mass less, tasteless and colorless substances.

Born: September 6 1766 Dead: July 27 1844 Country of Origin: England In 1803 Dalton discovered that oxygen and carbon combined can make two compounds. This led him to develop the Atomic theory which was composed of 3 rules. The first on being that each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms. The second one was that all atoms of a given element have the same mass. Finally the last one states other properties that distinguish them from atoms of other elements atoms combine in simple, whole number ratios to form compounds.
 * //__ [[image:http://www.uh.edu/engines/jdalton2.jpg width="263" height="325" align="left"]] John Dalton [[image:http://www.britsattheirbest.com/images/ii_atom.gif align="right"]] __//**

**//__Amedeo Avogadro__//** Born: Agust 19 1776 Died: July 19 1856 Country of Origin: Italy Amedeo Avogadro was a Italian Chimist. He lived from Agust 19 1776 to July 19 1856 He came up with Avogadro Law this states that the relationship between the masses of the same volume of different gases. This means that we can calculate molecular mass of a gas by using the mass of sample of known volume. This is posibel because of the Avogadro constant which is 6.02E23.

Born: March 27 1845 Died: February 8 1923 Country of Origin: Germany Wilhelm C Roentgen was a German scientist that lived from March 27 1845 to February 8 1923. During 1895 Wilhelm C Roentgen discovers the X-Rays wile doing an experiment on vacuum tubes. This X-ray consisted of him covering a Hittorf-Crookes tube with the cardboard and attached electrodes to a Ruhnmkorff coil to generate an electrostatic charge. He use hes wife hand to generat on of the first X-ray plates. He later died February 8 1923 of carcinoma wich was a result of his work with ionizing radiation.
 * //__[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg/225px-Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg width="225" height="349" align="left" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_(1845--1923).jpg"]]Wilhelm C Roentgen[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Roentgen-x-ray-von-kollikers-hand.jpg/180px-Roentgen-x-ray-von-kollikers-hand.jpg width="295" height="305" align="right" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Roentgen-x-ray-von-kollikers-hand.jpg"]]__//**

Born: December 15 1852 Died: August 25 1908 Country of Origin: France
 * //__[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Becquerel_Henri_photograph.jpg/225px-Becquerel_Henri_photograph.jpg width="225" height="297" align="right" caption="Henri Becquerel, French physicist" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Becquerel_Henri_photograph.jpg"]][[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg/180px-Becquerel_plate.jpg width="224" height="260" align="left" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Becquerel_plate.jpg"]]Henri Becquerel__//**

Henri Becquerel was a French scientist. He was born in 15 December 1852 and died the 25 August 1908. He was the 3rd member of his family to occupy the physics spot in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. In 1892 he discovered radioactivity while testing phosphorescence in uranium salts. He wrapped a fluorescent substance, potassium uranyl sulfate, in photographic plates and black material this course the plates to be exposed. In 1903 he received the Noble prize.

Born: December 18 1856 Died: August 30 1940 Country of Origin: England JJ Thomson was an English scientist that lived from December 18 1856 to August 30 1940. He discovered the electron, isomer and the electron mass spectrometer. He took a stream of ionized neon through a magnetic and an electric field and measured its deflection by placing a photographic plate in its path. This earnd him the 1906 Nobel Prize.
 * //__ [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Jj-thomson3.jpg/200px-Jj-thomson3.jpg width="200" height="256" align="left" caption="Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940). Portrait by Arthur Hacker." link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jj-thomson3.jpg"]] JJ Thomson __//**

__//** Plum pudding **//__ Plum pudding model was the creation of JJ Thomson. It was what helps us to understand the concept of the Atom having a nucleus and some what neutrons. The scientist at the time understuds that atom contained positive and negative charges but there was no understanding on how they worked. When JJ Thomson came up with the plum pudding model it was a description on how this charges were placed. For example the pudding was the positive part and the plum which was scattered around represented the negative charges.

Robert Millikan Born: March 22, 1868 Died: December 19, 1953 Country of Origin: United States Robert Millikan was an American scientist that lived from March 22 1868 to December 19 1953. Wile working as a professor in the University of Colorado he worked on an oil-drop experiment. Which consisted of spraying a fine mist of oil and passing a charge through it. There he discovered the charge of a single electron. Covered in controversy he took sole credit for it and won the 1926 Nobel Prize.

Born: 1871 Died: 1937 Country of Origin: New Zealand
 * //__[[image:http://www.wpclipart.com/famous/science/Ernest_Rutherford.png width="275" height="293" align="left" caption="Ernest Rutherford" link="http://www.wpclipart.com/famous/science/Ernest_Rutherford.png"]]Ernest Rutherford__//**

He started off by taking a look at how iron responded to oscillating waves. All the findings were published into a book. He designed a machine that worked at high frequency alternating currents. He worked closely with a man named Professor JJ Thompson. He worked with Thompson on studying x-rays and ions in an electric field. He discovered the existence of alpha and beta particles in radiation. Rutherford trying to prove his teacher right did the gold foil experiment. This experiment was done by shooting alpha particles toward a thin sheet of gold foil and seeing where they went. If Thompson’s model of the atom were true then the particles would just go right through the foil; what actually happened shocked everyone. Most particles went through while other particles were deflected to the sides while some even bounced right back to him. He discovered the nucleus he said that most of the mass is in the nucleus even though it is small.

The Rutherford model or Planetary model was developed by Ernest Rutherford. This model demonstrated the atom were not a single particle. There were 3 pointer on how it was developed. First one being how electron clouds of the atom do not influence alpha scattering. Second on was how theres a small volume at the center of the atom that deflecteds alfa and beta particels. Finaly that most of an atom mass is in its center.
 * //__Rutherford model or Planetary model__//**

Born: November 7, 1867 Died: July 4, 1934 Country of Origin: Poland
 * //__Marie Curie__//**

Curie followed the discovery of Becqueril and studied radiation. In 1896 she really focused on Uranium and discovered the amount of radiation depended upon how much of the substance was present. She discovered radioactivity had little to do with the molecule's interaction but the atom itself. She also discovered a new element which she called polonium after her home country. She also discovered radium and coined the word radioactivity.

Born: October 5, 1885 Died: Novemeber 18, 1962 Country of Origin: Denmark
 * //__ [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/225px-Niels_Bohr.jpg width="225" height="318" align="left" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Niels_Bohr.jpg"]]Niels Bohr __//**

Bohr did mostly theoretical work. His first major discovery was in 1912. He also wrote about the properties of metal based on the aid of electron theory. That study he conducted is still used widely today and is very important. His next task was to tackle "Plank's quantum theory of radiation." He began to study them and published an article in the Philosophical Magazine. This article was about the theoretical absorption of alpha rays. After that he began to work on a study of atoms based on what Rutherford had gathered on the atomic nucleus. He is credited with giving us the first model of the atomic structure. He won the Nobel Prize for his work. he helped rationalize the thou ght that an atom could be split. He also clarified problems with physics due to his discoveries. He wrote over 100 publications. Boar left Denmark during World War II and came to America to help with the Atomic Energy Project. He was against the atomic bomb, he wanted atom to be used for peaceful purposes only.

Bohr model was developed by Niels Bohr. It demonstats the atom as a small positive chard know as the nucleus sourounded by electrons. The electrons travel in a orbital motion round the nucleus. This orbit were mantand by Electrostatic forces.
 * //__ Bohr model __//**

Born: August 12 1887 Died: January 4 1961 Country of Origin: Austria
 * //__[[image:http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:wLkwT26SdgjpbM:http://www.malaspina.com/jpg/schrodinger.jpg width="169" height="168" align="right" link="http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.malaspina.com/jpg/schrodinger.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_1031.asp&h=560&w=485&sz=44&hl=en&start=2&um=1&usg=__7WS3Usx2Dv2y2x3I8osoPpOtvPM=&tbnid=wLkwT26SdgjpbM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=115&prev=/images%3Fq%3DErwin%2BSchr%25C3%25B6dinger%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DKUS_enUS286US286%26sa%3DN"]]Erwin Schrödinger__//**

Erwin Schrödinger was an Austrian scientist that lived from August 12 1887 to January 4 1961. He explored the field of quantum mechanics which is the study of mechanical system at the atomic level such as atoms, molecules, protons, and others. In 1935 he won the Nobel Prize for his Schrödinger equation. Which consist of how a quantum state of a physical system changes in time.

**//__James Chadwick__//** Born: October 20, 1891 Died: July 24, 1974 Country of Origin: England Chadwick is best known for the discovery of the neutron, first discovered in 1932. It such an important discovery because it had been thought that there was only positive and negative charges in an atom. This helped to solidify and prove the idea of atomic mass and charges. He helped pave the way for the idea and the action of splitting atomic nuclei. He inadvertently helped start the development of the atomic bomb. He was placed at the head of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb. This was major because it ended up ending World War II with a limited amount of causalities to the US side because to fight Japan would have been bloody. By his discovery and research as the head of the Manhattan Project he saved countless American lives.

Born: December 5 1901 Died: February 1 1976 Country of Origin: Germany Werner Heisenberg was a German scientist that lived from December 5 1901 to February 1 1976. He made important discoveries in quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, quantum field theory and particle physics. He also developed the principle of uncertainty wich d etermin the position and momentum of a mobile particle with a slight errors. This errors is ignord because of it small size. **//__Electron cloud__//** Electron cloud is a model that shows the most probable position of the electron. The Cloud is denser were it more likely to have a electron present. The model is used to describe the location of the electrons. This model was developed from ideas of various scientists such as Ernest Rutherford that said atoms are mostly empty space with a very small nucleus in the center and Niels Bohr that developed a model of the atomic structure that had electrons orbiting the nucleus in a circular orbit. But most importantly Werner Heisenberg who said that the only way to describe the location of electrons is as a probability distribution.
 * //__ Werner Heisenberg __//**

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