fall.2008.MMA.Brow.timeline

THE HISTORY OF THE ATOM

By Tom Brow

LETS TAKE A JOURNEY THROUGH TIME

 and see the great minds of chemistry



Ancient Times

Democritus

 Born- 460 BCE

 Died- 370 BCE

Democritus was born at Abdera in Thrace Greece. Having been the son of an extremely wealthy man, upon receiving his inheritance, Democritus traveled the world. It has been known that he traveled to Asian, India, and Ethiopia. Democritus was a student of Leucippus and the cofounder of the idea that all matter is made up of various imperishable elements. At the time he called them atoma which later translates to Atoms.

 **[|faculty.washington.edu/ smcohen/320/320Fun.html]** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus

Plato

 Born- 427 BCE

 Died- 347 BCE



Plato was a Classical Greek philosopher together with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy. Plato was also a mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world. Plato was originally a student of Socrates.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato

Aristotle

 Born- 384 BCE

 Died- 322 BCE

Aristotle was born in Stageira Greece. Born to the son of a physician he was a student at Plato’s Academy were he stayed up until Plato’s death.Although he is greatly known for his philosophy he also contributed to physics and chemistry by creating his own basis of the scientific method, the five elements, and the four causes.

[|**www.kidspast.com/ world-history/0073-aristotle.php**] http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm

1700-1800

Joseph Black

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;"> Born- April 16, 1728

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;"> Died- 6, 1799

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;"> Joseph Black was born in Bordeaux, France. However he was not French, he father was from Belfast, Ireland and his mother was from Aberdeen shire, Scotland. Joseph studied at the University of Edinburgh, where he discovered carbon dioxide. In, 1750 he developed the analytical balance scale. His most famous discovery is latent and specific heat.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Black
 * [|www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic-art/67460/]**

Antoine Lavoisier

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Born- August 26, 1743

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Died- May 8, 1794

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Antoine Lavoisier was born in Paris, France to a wealthy noble family. He attended the College of Mazarin from 1754 to 1761, studying chemistry, botany , astronomy , and mathematics. However, his contributions to chemistry were significant. Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. He also established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature which held that oxygen was an essential constituent. Lavoisier's fundamental contributions to chemistry were a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory.He was no too many as the father of modern chemistry.

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Lavoisier.html
 * [|www.iesemilioperezpinero.es/ d_fq/datos.htm]**

Jacques Charles

Born- November 12, 1746

Died- April 7, 1823 <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Jacques Charles was born in Paris, France. One of his most useful inventions and contributions to chemistry was the valve to let hydrogen out of the balloon and other devices, such as the hydrometer and reflecting goniometry, and improved the Gravesend heliostat and Fahrenheit's aerometer. Around 1787 he discovered Charles' Law, which states that under constant pressure, an ideal gas ' volume is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure increases linearly with the absolute temperature of the gas. The formula he created was V1/T1=V2/T2.

**[|dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/.../ Gallery/Gallery3.html]** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charles

1800-1875

John Dalton

Born- September 6 1766

Died- July 27 1844

John Dalton was born into a Quaker family at Eagles field, near Cockermouth in Cumbria, England. Dalton was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at the "New College" in Manchester, a Dissenting academy. He remained in that position until 1800 until financial situation forced him to become a private tutor. His contribution to chemistry is among the greatest. Dalton came up with his own set of laws known as Daltons Laws. He also developed the atomic theory which is- <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> · All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> · All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> · Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. · <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;">A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.

**[|www.elektromania.net/ bilimadamlari/?id=64]** <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Born- December 6, 1778 Died- May 9, 1850

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Joseph Gay-Lussac was born in Saint Leonard France. Over his lifetime he achieved many great things in the field of chemistry. Some of his greatest achievements included work with two laws related to gas. He first formulated the law stating that if the mass and pressure of a gas are held constant then gas volume increases linearly as the temperature rises. This is sometimes written as V = k T, where k is a constant dependent on the type, mass, and pressure of the gas and T is temperature on an absolute scale. He also discovered that the basic composition of the atmosphere does not change with decreasing pressure.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac [|**www.uh.edu/ engines/epi704.htm**]

Justus von Liebig

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Born- May 12, 1803

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Died- April 18, 1873

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Justus was born in Darmstadt, Germany to a middleclass family. He had been obsessed with chemistry from his earliest memories of childhood. As a professor, he devised the modern laboratory -oriented teaching method, and for such innovations, he is regarded as one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time.(Besides the Great Dr. Reich) He is known as the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient , and his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops. He also developed a manufacturing process for beef extract, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company , that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef bouillon cube.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig
 * [|www.answers.com/ topic/justus-von-liebig]**

1875- 1900

Marie Curie

Born- November 7, 1867

Died- July 4 1934

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Marie Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, during the Russian empire. She went on to marry Pierre Curie, also a chemist. Curie studied during the day, and she tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893 she obtained a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory at Lippmann’s. Meanwhile she continued studying at the Sorbonne and in 1894 earned a degree in mathematics. Her main contributions to chemistry were her help discovering Polonium and Radium.

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> She and her husband took Pitchblend, which contained the radioactive element Uranium by the ton and carefully isolated the radioactive components over several years. They found it to be radioactive. In 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie her husband, Marie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches of radioactivity.”

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html
 * [|www.wwu.edu/depts/ skywise/cosmo]**

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;"> Born- March 27, 1845

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;"> Died- February 10, 1943

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;"> Wilhelm Rontgen was born at Lennep in Rhenish Prussia as the only child of a merchant and manufacturer of cloth. He received his early education at the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, a private school in Apeldoorn. From 1861 to 1863, he attended the Utrecht Technical School. On November 8 1895, he produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as x-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. At one point while he was investigating the ability of various materials to stop the rays, Röntgen brought a small piece of lead into position while a discharge was occurring. Röntgen thus saw the first radiographic image, his own flickering ghostly skeleton on the barium platinocyanide screen. He later reported that it was at this point that he determined to continue his experiments in secrecy, because he feared for his professional reputation if his observations were in error.

[|**www.geocities.com/ HotSprings/Villa/4437/**] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html

Dmitri Mendeleev

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Born- February 8, 1834

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Died- February 2, 1904

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Dmitri Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia. Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg. In the late August of 1861 he wrote his first book on the spectroscope in which it received high acclaim. After becoming a teacher, he wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870). As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him to postulate his Periodic Table. Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements and predicted several new elements to complete the table.



http://www.chemistry.co.nz/mendeleev.htm
 * [|jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/.../ mendeleev]**

1900-1915

Robert Millikan

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Born- March 22, 1868

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Died- December 19, 1953

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Robert was born in Morrison Illinois. Millikan went to high school in Maquoketa, Iowa. Millikan received a Bachelor's degree in the classics from Oberlin College in 1891 and his doctorate in physics from Columbia University in 1895 – he was the first to earn a Ph.D. from that department. Starting in 1909, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Millikan and Harvey Fletcher worked on an oil-drop experiment in which they measured the charge on a single electron. Professor Millikan took sole credit, in return for Fletcher claiming full authorship on a related result for his dissertation. Millikan went on to win the 1923 Nobel Prize for Physics, in part for this work, and Fletcher kept the agreement a secret until his death.

[|**www-news.uchicago.edu/.../ 061128.millikan.shtml**] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html

Henri Becquarael

Born- December 15, 1852

Died- August 25, 1908

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Becquerel was born in Paris into a family which, including him and his son Jean, produced four generations of scientists. He studied science at the E cole Polytechnique and engineering at the E cole des Ponts et Chaussées. In 1896, while Investigating the work of Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Becquerel wrapped a fluorescent substance, potassium uranyl sulfate, in photographic plates and black material in preparation for an experiment requiring bright sunlight. However, prior to actually performing the experiment, Becquerel found that the photographic plates were fully exposed. This discovery led Becquerel to investigate the spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation. In 1903, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity".

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html **[|www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic-art/58020]**

J.J Thompson

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Born- December 18, 1856 <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">Died- August 30, 1940

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Joseph J. Thomson was born in <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cheetham Hill Manchester in England. In 1870 he studied engineering at <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">University of Manchester known as <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Owens College at that time, and moved on to <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Trinity College,Cambridge in 1876. One of his students was <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ernest Rutherford. One of Thomson's greatest contributions to modern science was in his role as a highly gifted teacher, as seven of his research assistants and his aforementioned son won Nobel Prizes in physics. His son won the Nobel Prize in 1937 for proving the wavelike properties of electrons. Thomson imagined the atom as being made up of these corpuscles swarming in a sea of positive charge; this was his <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plum puddingmodel. This model was later proved incorrect when <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ernest Rutherford showed that the positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus.

Thompson’s three experiments <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">1. <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">In his first experiment, he investigated whether or not the negative charge could be separated from the cathode rays by means of magnetism. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">2. <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">In his second experiment, he investigated whether or not the rays could be deflected by an electric field. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">3. In his third experiment, Thomson measured the <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mass-to-charge ratio of the cathode rays by measuring how much they were deflected by a magnetic field and how much energy they carried.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;">[|The Discovery of the Electron]

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> In plum pudding model the atom is composed of electrons, surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's negative charge, like negatively-charged "<span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plums " surrounded by positively-charged "<span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pudding ". The electrons were thought to be positioned throughout the atom, but with many structures possible for positioning multiple electrons, particularly rotating rings of electrons. Instead of a soup, the atom was also sometimes said to have had a cloud of positive charge.

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;">Ernest Rutherford

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Born- August 30, 1871 Died- October 19, 1937

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> Ernest Rutherford was born in Bright Waters New Zealand. Ernest was a New Zealand <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">physicist who became known as the father of <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nuclear physics. He pioneered the <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">orbital theory of the <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atom through his discovery of <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rutherford scattering off the <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nucleus with his <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gold foil experiment. He was awarded the <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. He was <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">knighted in 1914. In 1919 he returned to the Cavendish as Director. He was admitted to the <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Order of Merit in 1925 and in 1931. British protocol required that he be operated on by a titled doctor, and the delay cost him his life. He is interred in <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Westminster Abbey alongside <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">J. J. Thomson. Rutherford's research, along with that of his protégé <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sir Mark. Oliphant, was instrumental in the convening of the <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Manhattan Project to develop the first <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nuclear weapons.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford [|Biography] from Nobel prize official website

Planetary model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford directed the famous Geiger-Marsden experiment in (1909), which suggested to Rutherford's analysis that the Plum pudding model (of J. J. Thomson) of the atom was incorrect. Rutherford's new model for the atom, based on the experimental results, had a number of essential modern features, including a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and containing the bulk of the atomic mass a number of tiny electrons circling around the nucleus like planets around the sun.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

1915-1950

Neils Bohr Born- October 7, 1885 Died- November 18, 1962

Niels Henrik David Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1885. His brother was Harald Bohr, a mathematician and Olympic soccer player who played on the Danish national team. Niels Bohr was a passionate soccer player as well. Bohr studied as an undergraduate and graduate at Copenhagen University, receiving his doctorate in 1911. As a post-doctoral student, Bohr first conducted experiments under J. J. Thomson at Trinity College, Cambridge. He then went on to study under Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester in England. On the basis of Rutherford's theories, Bohr published his model of atomic structure in 1913, introducing the theory of electrons traveling in orbits around the atom's nucleus, the chemical properties of the element being largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbits. Bohr also introduced the idea that an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, emitting a photon (light quantum) of discrete energy. This became a basis for quantum theory.

The Bohr model depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity. This was an improvement on the earlier cubic model, the plum-pudding model, the Saturnian model, and the Rutherford model (1911). Since the Bohr model is a quantum physics-based modification of the Rutherford model, many sources combine the two, referring to the Rutherford-Bohr model.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_Model

James Chadwick Born- October 20, 1891 Died- July 24, 1974

Sir James Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire, the son of John Joseph Chadwick and Anne Mary Knowles. He studied at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge. In 1913 Chadwick went and worked with Hans Geiger at the Technical University of Berlin. He also worked with Ernest Rutherford. During his internment he had the freedom to set up a laboratory in the stables. With the help of Charles Ellis he worked on the ionization of phosphorus and also on the photo-chemical reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorineHe spent most of the war years in Ruhleben until Geiger's laboratory interceded for his release. In 1932 Chadwick made a fundamental discovery in the domain of nuclear science: he discovered the particle in the nucleus of an atom that became known as the neutron because it has no electric charge. I. For this important discovery he was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and subsequently the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935. Chadwick’s discovery made it possible to create elements heavier than uranium in the laboratory. [|James Chadwick - Biography]

Werner Heisneberg Born- December 5, 1901 Died- Febuary 1, 1976

Werner Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist, best known for enunciating the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. He made important contributions to quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physic. Heisenberg, along with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, set forth the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics in 1925. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics.The German nuclear energy project, also known informally as the Uranium Club, began in 1939 under the auspices of the German Ordnance Office. In 1942, control of the project was relinquished to the Reich Research Council. Throughout the project, Heisenberg was one of the nine principals heading up research and development for the program. In 1942, Heisenberg was appointed as director-in-residence of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. Heisenberg was one of 10 German scientists arrested near the end of World War II under the American Operation Alsos. He was detained in England from May 1945 to January 1946.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg

Erwin Schodinger Born- Augsut 12, 1887 Died- January 4, 1961 ErwinSchrödinger was born in Vienna,Austria. Between 1906 and 1910 Schrodinger studied in Vienna under Franz Serafin Exner and Friedrich Hasenöhrl. He also conducted experimental work with Friedrich Kohlrausch. In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exnertheoretical physicist who achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrodinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrodinger's cat thought experiment. The philosophical issues raised by Schrödinger's cat are still debated today and remains his most enduring legacy in popular science. The huge Schrödinger crater on the far side of the Moon was posthumously named after him by the IAU.

[|//Biography from the Austrian Central Library for Physics//]"