422-004+J.+Crespi+Big+Timeline+Project


 * //__JORDANS BIG TIMELINE OF WORLD EVENTS AND PHILOSOPHERS!!!!!!!!!!!!!__//**


 * JORDANS WORLD EVENTS!!!!!!**


 * Ancient World Events**:




 * Corinthian War**: 395-387 BC - Persians, Athens and other Greek city-states organized to challenge Sparta once again. In the course of the war, both sides won victories, but Sparta finally negotiated a peace with the Persians. Which was known as the 'King's Peace' and this ended the war.




 * Library of Alexandria**: c. 295 BC - Library of Alexandria was built by Athenian exile Demetrius of Phaleron under the supervision/sponser of King Ptolemy I, with an annex set up some 60 years later. In 391 AD the remaining annex of the Library of Alexandria was destroyed by fire under orders from the emperor Theodosius.




 * Nabataean's disapear**: 363 AD - A massive earthquake buried at least half of the city of Petra under rubble. And the remnants of the Nabataean civilization disappeared.


 * 500-1800**:


 * Persian-Roman Wars**: 503-557 AD - Between 503 and 557 AD, three successive wars,interrupted by periods of peace, were fought between the Persian Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. All based on the same basic causes, an inability to define the borders and the relationship between the two empires. In 567 a 'definitive' peace was reached. Under its terms, Rome agreed to pay the Persians 30,000 pieces of gold annually. The borders between the empire were reaffirmed. Christian religion was protected in the Persian Empire. And regulation of trade and diplomatic relations were laid out.




 * Battle of Hastings**: October 14,1066 - At the Battle of Hastings,William the Conqueror, the Norman, defeated Harold II, King of England. The victory led to the complete domination of England by the Normans. On December 25th, William was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. Afterwards, King William began to build the Tower of London, which still stands today.


 * Columbus sets sail for the new world**: 1492 AD - Isabella, Queen of Spain, financed the voyage of Christopher Columbus. His goal was to find a sea route to the Orient by sailing westward. Christopher set sail on August 3, 1492 in his flagship the Santa Maria with 52 men aboard. Also sailing was the smaller Pinta and Nina ships. On October 12th, after several weeks at sea, Columbus finally set foot on dry land. His landing spot was at San Salvador.


 * 1800-1875**:


 * Act of Union**: 1800 AD - Great Britain annexed Ireland in the Act of Union on May 5, 1800. The Irish Parliament was dissolved and Ireland gained representation in the British Parliament.


 * Italian War**: 1859 AD - The Italian War broke out when Austria tried to extend its already extensive control over the Italian penninsular. May 12, 1859 the French declared war on Austria. They came to the aid of Sardinia and the other Italian city states that had revolted against the Austrains. The French defeated the Austrian army on the battlefield. Franz Joseph, the emperor of Austria, and Napoleon met and brought an end to hostilities. Napoleon, who had become concerned with the unrest caused by revolts, agreed to the restoration of power to most of the Italian princes.




 * Lincoln's Assasination**: President Lincoln went to the Ford Theater to see a play, a few days after the end of the Civil War. During the course of the play, John Wilkes Booth shot the President. Lincoln had past away by the next morning. Booth was part of a larger conspiracy which tried to kill other members of Lincolns cabinet. The conspirators were all captured. Booth was killed while being apprehended, the others were hung.


 * 1875-1900**:


 * Sino-Chinese war**: 1883 AD - The French and the Chinese fought in the Sino-Chinese war . The French occupied most of Annam, (Vietnam and Cambodia), but their trade was being disrupted by Chinese in North Vietnam. The French destroyed the Chinese navy as it was laying anchor in Foochow. Under the treaty of Hue the French consolidated their protectorate over all of Vietnam

(Van Gogh's only painting he ever sold)


 * Gogh's suicide**: 1890 AD - On July 29, 1890 Vincent Van Gogh the Dutch painter committed suicide. During his lifetime he sold only one painting becoming successful only once he was dead.


 * Dewey captures Phillippines**: 1898 AD - Before the Spanish American War broke out, assistant Naval secretary Teddy Roosevelt had sent a message to Admiral Dewey, commander of US naval forces in the western pacific, to be prepared if war came with Spain to proceed to Manila and defeat the Spanish fleet there. When war was declared Dewey received orders to proceed and destroy the Spanish fleet. Admiral Dewey commanded a squadron of six ships, including modern cruisers. The Spanish had a force of 10 old ships, which were no match for the American ships. The Spanish commander Admiral Patricio Montojo decided to fight the battle anchored in Manila Bay hoping to gain some advantage from shore batteries. Dewey acted aggressively, entering Manila Bay at night, this provided the Spanish very little time to prepare for battle. Leading the American force, was the Olympia, with Dewey aboard. At 5:15am of the first, the Spanish battery at Cavite opened fired on the American force. The American fleet continued and at 5:41 at a distance of 4,000 yards Dewey gave the order to open fire. The American squadron steamed up and down the Spanish line five times, laying devastating fire on the Spanish ships. At 7:35 Dewey temporarily withdrew believing, mistakenly, that his ships had only 15% of their ammunition left. After it was ascertained that only 15% had been used, Dewey resumed his attacks at 11:00 against a rapidly sinking Spanish force. At 12:30 the battle ended, with the entire Spanish fleet sinking into the ocean.


 * 1900-1915**:


 * Boxer Rebellion**: 1900-1901AD - The Boxers called themselves "I Ho Ch'uan," and their goal was the removal of foreign influence from China. At the beginning of that year, the Boxers began to attack and kill foreigners throughout China. In June, foreign troops captured the Chinese coastal port at Taku. At that point, the Boxers entered Peking and merged with the Imperial Army. The Imperial government, under the control of the Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi, declared war on all foreigners. The army, together with the Boxers, laid siege to the foreign legations in Peking. The European nations, along with the United States and Japan, sent a force of 10,000 men, in an attempt to lift the siege. The force took 52 days to fight its way to Peking. On August 14th, the troops entered Peking and relieved the embattled legations. On September 7th 1901, a formal agreement was signed ending both the Boxer Rebellion and foreign intervention. Under the terms of the agreement, the Chinese were forced to destroy their forts at Taku. Foreign troops were given the task of insuring free passage to and from Peking and China was forced to pay an indemnity of 330 million dollars.


 * US troops occuy Cuba**: 1906 AD - After a revolt broke out in Cuba, the Cuban leader Tomas Estrada Palama asked the United States to intervene. U.S. forces occupied the island and organized a provisional government.




 * War World 1 Begins**: 1914 AD - German forces following the "Shlieffen Plan" invaded Belgium and Luxembourg. They fought the heavily defended Belgium forces at Liege and overran it. By August 20th the Germans had entered Brussels.


 * 1915-1950**:


 * India makes an indepdence movement with Gandhi has their leader**: 1920 AD - Gandhi began a nationwide speaking campaign to enlist support for the non-cooperation movement. Indians were urged to boycott foreign goods, schools, law courts, official functions and the military. The Congress organization approved Gandhi's program and converted the movement into one whose official goal was the attainment of self-rule for India by peaceful and legitimate methods.


 * Capture of Rhineland**: 1936 AD - On March 7th, Hitler announced that he was renouncing the Locarno Pacts, which guaranted European borders and reoccupied the Rhineland. There were protests by France and Britain, but the British government did not take any further action.


 * Start of World War 2**: 1939 AD - The German-Polish crisis began in March, when the German government demanded that Danzig be turned over to Germany. In addition, the Germans demanded the right to construct an extra-territorial railroad across the corridor. The Poles refused, and the French and British pledged to aid the Poles. After the signing of the Non-Aggression Pact, all attempts at negotiations failed and the Germans and Poles mobilized for war. The British and the French did the same, reasserting that they would come to the defense of Poland. On September 1st, the Germans attacked, and on September 3rd, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany.


 * 1950-current**:




 * Sputnik launched into space by Russians**: 1957 AD - On October 4th, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space. The satellite, with a diameter of 22 inches, marked the beginning of the space age.


 * US leaves Vietnam**: 1973 AD - On January 27th, the United States and North Vietnam signed the Paris Peace Accords. Under its terms, US troops would withdraw from Vietnam. There would be a ceasefire, and US POW's would be released. Two years later the Communists achieved total victory in Vietnam.




 * London Bombed**: 2005 AD - At 8:50 AM in the beginning of the morning rush hour three bombs exploded on the London subways. Fifty minuntes later a bomb went off on a double deck bus. Initially, 49 were reported killed but that number did expected to rise. Three different groups associated with Al Queda claimed responsibility for the bombing. The bombing came on the same day that the G-8 the leaders of the 8 largest economies in the world were meeting in Scotland.


 * JORDANS PHILOSOPHERS!!!!!!**




 * ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS, and African and Asian philosphers**



Greek philosopher; Introduces a theory that says, all matter is made up in differing proportions. Empedocles four elemental substances are earth, air, fire and water
 * Empedocles**: 490–430 BC (citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony of Sicily)



He states that all matter is composed of eternal, indivisible, indestructible and infinitely small substances. The matter clings together in different combinations to form the objects shown to us. This theory gave birth to the atom because the Greek word for indivisible is atomos.
 * Democritus**: ca.460 BC - died ca 370 BC (born at Abdera in Thrace)


 * [[image:http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/people/aristotle.jpg width="195" height="223"]]

Aristotle**: 384 BC – 322 BC (born in Stageira, Chalcidice) Aristotle suggests that there are two pairs of alternatives, hot and cold, and, moist and dry. These provide the exact nature of matter. In other terms, the four possible combinations are the four elements. Earth (cold and dry), air (hot and moist), fire (hot and dry), water (cold and moist). But it is the variable balance between these qualities which creates the different atoms of stone or wood, bone or flesh.


 * 466-1700 PHILOSOPHERS**



This greek philosopher, was the first to introduce the idea of the atom, an indivisible unit of matter. This idea was later researched by his student, Democretus. Miletus developed the atomic hypothesis. According to the hypothesis, matter can be subdivided only to a certain point, at which only atoms, that can't be cut, remain. The world is made up of atoms moving in the "void". Atoms differ from each other only in size and shape. And different substances, with their distinct qualities are made up of different shapes, arrangements, and positions of atoms. Atoms are in a continuous motion in the "infinite void" and constantly collid with each other. During these collisions they could rebound or stick together because of hooks and barbs on their surfaces. Underlying the changes in the world, there is constancy, atoms are neither created nor destroyed; and change was caused by the combinations and dissociations of the atoms.
 * Leucippus of Miletus**: 490-??? B.C. (Elea, Abdera )



Known as the "Father of Modern Chemistry" becasue of his huge development in the chemistry world. In 1662, the quantitative relationship that Boyle derived from experimental values, was later known as "Boyle's law." this law states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure. Also, he discused the corpuscularism, which was the reality and change in terms of particles and their motion. Boyle believed that chemical experiments could demonstrate the truth of the corpuscularian philosophy. In this context he defined the term //element// in //Sceptical Chymist// (1661) as " . . . certain primitive and simple, or perfectly unmingled bodies; which not being made of any other bodies, or of one another, are the ingredients of which all those called perfectly mixt bodies are immediately compounded, and into which they are ultimately resolved." ( taken from http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/boyle.html )
 * Robert Boyle**: 25 January 1627 – 30 December 1691 (Lismore Castle, Munster, Ireland)


 * 1700-1800 PHILOSOPHERS



Antoine Lavoisier**: August 26, 1743-1794 (Paris, France) His systematic determination of the weights of reagents and products involved in chemical reactions, which include the gaseous components, and his belief that matter, identified by weight, would be conserved through any reaction. His contributions to chemistry are associated with this method, were the understanding of combustion and respiration, which is caused by chemical reactions with the part of the air he called "oxygen." His definitive proof, was by composition and decomposition that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen. He gave new names to substances, which most of which are still used today, and was an important means of forwarding the Chemical Revolution. Because these terms expressed the theory behind them. Lavoisier said that oxygen is the acidifying principle, he also considered 33 substances elements. To expand his ideas, in 1789 he published a textbook, //Traité Élémentaire de chimie//, and began a journal, //Annales de Chimie//, which carried research reports about the new chemistry almost exclusively.



Isaac in 1687, described the universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. Which was able to lay the groundwork for classical mechanics, that later dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. And is the basis for modern engineering.
 * Isaac Newton**: 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727



A french physicist and a pioneer in electrical theory. He served as a military engineer for France in the West Indies, but retired to Blois, France. This was the time of the French Revolution, which he continued to research in magnetism, friction, and electricity. In 1777, Charles invented the torsion balance for measuring the force of magnetic and electrical attraction. This invention, led to Coulomb being able to formulate the principle, now known as Coulomb's law. Coulomb's law is governing the interaction between electric charges. In 1779, Coulomb published the treatise, Theorie des machines simples (Theory of Simple Machines), an analysis of friction in machinery. After the war, Coulomb came out of retirement and assisted the new government in devising a metric system of weights and measures. The unit of quantity used to measure electrical charges, the coulomb, was named after him.
 * Charles-Augustin de Coulomb**: June 14, 1736- August 23, 1806 (Angoulême, France)


 * 1800-1875 PHILOSOPHERS**


 * [[image:http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Gifs/dalton1.gif width="196" height="238"]]

John Dalton**: September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844 (Cumberland, England) An english chemist, meteorologist and physicist. Based on the past that the atoms of different elements could be distinguished by differences in their weights. He stated his theory in a lecture to the Royal Institution in 1803. The theory proposed a number of basic ideas:

1. All matter is composed of atoms 2. Atoms cannot be made or destroyed 3. All atoms of the same element are identical 4. Different elements have different types of atoms 5. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged 6. Compounds are formed from atoms of the constituent elements.

Using this theory, Dalton came to the conclusionthat the various laws of chemical combination which were in existence at that time. However, he made a mistake in assuming that the simplest compound of two elements must be binary, formed from atoms of each element in a 1:1 ratio, and his system of atomic weights was not very accurate. He gave oxygen an atomic weight of seven instead of eight. Despite these errors, Dalton's theory provided a logical explanation of concepts, and led the way into new fields of chemsitry.



1811, Avogadro came to the conclusion that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules. From his hypothesis, relative molecular weights of any two gases are the same as the ratio of the densities, of the two gases under the same conditions(of temperature and pressure). Avogadro also reasoned that simple gases were not formed of solitary atoms but instead were molecule compounds of two or more atoms. (Avogadro did not actually use the word atom; at the time the words atom and molecule were used almost never. He talked about three kinds of "molecules," one being a "elementary molecule," which is what we would call an atom.)
 * Avogadro**: 9 August 1776-9 July 1856 (Turin, Piedmont, Italy)



In 1874, science could be simplified is what he believed in, he thinks that by a choice of fundamental units and suggests that they are the smallest unit of electricity. Experimentation on the hydrogen ion charge and be able to calculate the value of charge. He was an Irish physicist, famous for introducing the term //electron// in 1874
 * George Johnstone Stoney**: February 15, 1826 – July 5, 1911 (Oak Park near Birr, County Offaly, Irish midlands)


 * 1875-1900**:



In November 8, 1895, he found that, if a discharge tube was enclosed and in sealed, thick black carton to exclude all light. And he worked in a dark room, with a paper plate that covered on one side, with barium platinocyanide placed in the path of the rays became fluorescent even when it was as far as two metres from the discharge tube. During the experiments he found that objects of different thicknesses intercepted in the path of the rays, which showed transparency to them when tehy were recorded on a photo plate. He put his wifes hand in the path of the rays over a photo plate, he saw that after a development that an image of his wifes bones in her hand and the ring on her hand was on the plate. This became to be the first "röntgenogram" ever taken. Roentgen showed that new rays are made by the impact of the cathode rays on the material used. Since he didnt know the "nature" of the them, he gave them the name X-rays.
 * Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen**: March 27, 1845-February 10, 1923 (Lennep, Lower Rhine Province, Germany)



In 1896, Becquerel decided to investigate whether there were any connections between X-rays and occurring phosphorescence. Inherited from his father was a supply of uranium salts, which allowed phosphoresce to expose when light shows. A photographic plate was covered with opaque paper and when salts were placed near it, the plate became fogged. Later, this became known as common to all the uranium salts that were studied. And was concluded to be a property of the uranium atom. Becquerel later showed that the rays emitted by uranium, and after a long time were named after their discoverer. The gases were caused to ionize and they differed from X-rays because they can be deflected by electricity or magnetic fields.
 * Henri Becquerel**: December 15, 1852-August 25, 1908 (Paris, France)



The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 inspired Marie Curie in her brilliant researches and analyses which led to the isolation of polonium and radium. Sufficient quantities to allow for radiums characterization and its properties was developed through radioactive residues. Mme. Curie throughout her life actively promoted the use of radium during World War I, assisted by her daughter, Irene, she devoted herself to this work.
 * Marie Curie**: November 7, 1867-July 4, 1934 (Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire)



In 1897, Thomson repeated the Hertz experiments and discovered by using a better vacuum that the cathode ray was deflected by the magnetic field (caused by charged plates). Which meant that the cathode ray consisted of charged particles.
 * J.J Thompson**: December 18, 1856- August 30, 1940 (Cheetham Hill, Manchester, England)




 * Plumb Pudding Model** (1904): Was a diagram of an atom, that proposed that the atom was a sphere of positive electricity (which was diffuse) with negative particles imbedded throughout after discovering the electron. Thompson was awarded for his discovery with the Nobel Prize in 1906.


 * 1900-1915 PHILOSOPHERS:**



"1910, his investigations into the scattering of alpha rays and the nature of the inner structure of the atom which caused such scattering led to the postulation of his concept of the "nucleus", his greatest contribution to physics. According to him practically the whole mass of the atom and at the same time all positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a minute space at the centre. In 1912 Niels Bohr joined him at Manchester and he adapted Rutherford's nuclear structure to Max Planck's quantum theory and so obtained a theory of atomic structure which, with later improvements, mainly as a result of Heisenberg's concepts, remains valid to this day. In 1913, together with H. G. Moseley, he used cathode rays to bombard atoms of various elements and showed that the inner structures correspond with a group of lines which characterize the elements. Each element could then be assigned an atomic number and, more important, the properties of each element could be defined by this number. In 1919, during his last year at Manchester, he discovered that the nuclei of certain light elements, such as nitrogen, could be "disintegrated" by the impact of energetic alpha particles coming from some radioactive source, and that during this process fast protons were emitted." (taken from.. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html)
 * Ernest Rutherford**: 30 August 1871 - 19 October 1937 (Nelson, New Zealand)
 * Atomic planetary model**: the neutrons and protons (symbolized by red and blue balls in the adjacent image) occupy a dense central region called the nucleus, and the electrons orbit the nucleus much like planets orbiting the Sun (but the orbits are not confined to a plane as is approximately true in the Solar System). The adjacent image is not to scale since in the realistic case the radius of the nucleus is about 100,000 times smaller than the radius of the entire atom, and as far as we can tell electrons are point particles without a physical extent.



In the spring of 1912, Bohr was at work in Professor Rutherford's laboratory in Manchester. where he was able to discover more about radioactive phenomena. He already had a theoretical piece of work on the absorption of alpha rays, which became published in the //Philosophical Magazine//, in 1913. Bohr went on to a study of the structure of atoms, which was on the basis of Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus. The Quantum Theory, was introduced and was established by Planck, which gradually came to occupy a position in the science of theoretical physics. Bohr succeeded in working out/presenting a picture of atomic structure that, with later improvements (mainly Heisenberg's ideas in 1925), still serves as an diagram of the physical and chemical properties of the elements.
 * Niels Bohr**: October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962 (Copenhagen, Denmark)


 * Bohrs Model** (1913): is a physical model that describes the atom as a small positively charged nucleus with electrons in orbit at different levels, similar in structure to the solar system.



Robert earliest major success was the accurate determination of the charge carried by an electron, using the elegant "falling-drop method." Millikan proved that this quantity was a constant for all electrons, in 1910, demonstrating the atomic structure of electricity. After, he experimented with Einstein's all-important photoelectric equation, and made the first direct photoelectric determination of Planck's constant h in 1912-1915. Also in his studies of the Brownian movements in gases put an end to all opposition to the atomic and kinetic theories of matter. Through out 1920-1923, Millikan occupied himself with work concerning the hot-spark spectroscopy of the elements, thereby extending the ultraviolet spectrum downwards far beyond the then known limit.
 * Robert A. Millikan**: March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953 (Morrison, Ill., U.S.A.)


 * 1915-1950 PHILOSOPHERS:



Erwin Schrodinger**: August 12, 1887 – January 4, 1961 (Erdberg, Vienna, Austria) Schrodinger had variety of subjects of theoretical physics. His papers dealt with specific heats of solids, problems of thermodynamics and of atomic spectra. Addition to that, he indulged in physiological studies of colour. His great discovery was the Schrödinger's wave equation, which was made at the end, during the first half of 1926.



Heisenberg published his theory in 1925, when he was only 23 years old. His theory of quantum mechanics and the applications of it which resulted in mostly the discovery of allotropic forms of hydrogen. Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932. His new theory was based only on things that can be observed, that is, on the radiation released by the atom. We can't, he said, always assign to an electron a position in space at a given time, or follow it in its orbit. We can't assume that the planetary orbits presented by Bohr actually exist. "Matrices" should represent the mechanical numbers because they are mathematical structures. He also had a new formulas in terms of matrix equations.
 * Werner Heisenberg**: December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976 ( Würzburg, Germany)




 * Electron Cloud Model** (1920's): An atom consists of a dense nucleus composed of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons that exist in different clouds at the various energy levels. Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Heisenburg developed probability functions to determine the regions or clouds in which electrons would most likely be found.



1932, Chadwick made a discovery in the domain of nuclear science. The existence of //neutrons was proved.// Nuclei (alpha rays) which are charged, and repell by the electrical forces present in the nuclei of heavy atoms. Chadwick led the way towards the fission of uranium 235 and towards the creation of the atomic bomb.
 * James Chadwick**: 20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974 (Cheshire, England)

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SITES USED FOR PHILOSOPHERS: http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html__http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html__ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html [|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-biohmtl http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html] [|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html [|http://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/0450.html] http://education.jlab.org/qa/atom_model_04.gif http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/atom.htm http://www.ambrosevideo.com/resources/docs/86.JPG http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/atomic/thomson.html http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/avogadro.html http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/boyle.html http://www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_georgestoney.php http://library.thinkquest.org/10170/voca/coulombb.htmhttp://hi.fi.tripod.com/timeline/images/plum_pudding_model.jpg http://www.parthia.com/parthia_timeline.htmhttp://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch11.htm SITES USED FOR HISTORY: http://www.historycentral.com/dates/400bc.html http://www.historycentral.com/dates/500ad.html http://www.historycentral.com/dates/1100ad.html[|] http://www.historycentral.com/dates/1450ad.html http://www.historycentral.com/WH1400-1900/Europe/Europe/ActofUnion2.html http://www.historycentral.com/WH1400-1900/Europe/Europe/ItalianWar.html http://www.historycentral.com/WH1400-1900/Europe/Europe/ItalyUnified.html http://www.historycentral.com/asia/BoxerRebellion.html http://www.historycentral.com/asia/Gandhi.html http://www.historycentral.com/WorldWarOne/GerInvadesLuxembourg.html http://www.historycentral.com/Samerica/CubaOccupied.html http://www.historycentral.com/Europe/Rhineland.html http://www.historycentral.com/Europe/InvadesPoland.html http://www.historycentral.com/Europe/Sputnik.html http://www.historycentral.com/asia/USLeavesVietnam.html http://www.historycentral.com/Europe/londonbomb.html SITES USED FOR IMAGES: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0122667/greece/images/gw_war_i.jpg __http://www.shc.ed.ac.uk/classics/undergraduate/greek/images/AlexLibtexts.jpg__ http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/2752197/2/istockphoto_2752197_ancient_tombs_in_petra.jpg__ http://www.britishbattles.com/norman-conquest/hastings-1066.jpg__ http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/1046.jpg http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/healthservices/images/worldwar1_03.jpg__ http://zagrebsummit.yoga-in-daily-life.hr/download/Gandhi1.jpg http://photos21.flickr.com/24314180_fd724c8513.jpg http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/physics/high_schools/2006/Space_Exploration/sputnik.jpg http://www.3dnworld.com/users/1/images/UltimateEarth.jpg http://www.discoverlismore.com/images/robertboyle.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/230px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg http://www.malaspina.com/jpg/newton.jpg http://itp.nyu.edu/~nql3186/electricity/images/coulumb.gif http://mooni.fccj.org/~ethall/gaslaw/avogad.gif http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/pic_pers/stoney2.jpghttp://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/kaniol/f2000_lect_nuclphys/lect1/rontgen_460.gifhttp://www.radiochemistry.org/nuclearmedicine/pioneers/images/mariecurie.jpghttp://www.manep.ch/img/photo/challenges/nanotubes/thompson.jpg http://www.antiquewireless.org/images/rutherford01.jpghttp://www.phy.bg.ac.yu/web_projects/giants/millikan.jpg http://www.hmi.de/bereiche/SF/SF7/PANS/english/nobel/Schroedinger/Schroedinger_01.jpghttp://wwwlapp.in2p3.fr/neutrinos/neutimg/nacteurs/chadwick.jpg http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/core/chem/chemtestpool/chem_S1_2_files/image002.jpg