wiltshire,ian+fall+2010

=Water=



introduction
As humans, we have basic needs along with most life on the planet. Food, Air, Shelter, and most importantly; water. but not just any water, fresh water, the water that sustains us is just that plain H20. water is the essence of life on earth and as human beings we require a significant amount to sustain daily function. the average human body is approximately 70% made up of water. now multiply that by some 6.7 billion people!

the problem
the problem we face in our generational time period is there just isn't enough fresh water to go around for everyone around the world. area's around the world have changed and developed into different Eco-zones form lush planes to barren areas of little natural Benefits such as Darfur. This loss of such simple element as water has claimed the lives of millions through dehydration and to extreme instances of war and fighting.

the push the point that drives the necessity of water is life, not only human but also animals and plants as well. everything living and breathing requires in some form water to conduct its routine through the world

the potential fix

as humans evolve and grow they become smarter and wiser to problems on hand. figuring out chemical equations to better create fertilizer through Haber-Bosch principle. or having an apple fall on someones head to help them figure out the essence of gravity. Another such situation is the idea of taking water with salt or potential harmful, particulates and minerals in it and turning it into pure, clean, drinkable H2O... water desalinization.

=Water Desalinization=

The world's water consumption rate is doubling every 20 years, out-pacing by two times the rate of population growth. It is projected that by the year 2025 water demand will exceed supply by 56%, due to persistent regional droughts, shifting of the population to urban coastal cities, and water needed for industrial growth. The supply of fresh water is on the decrease. Water demand for food, industry and people is on the rise. Lack of fresh water economic development and lowers living standards. Clearly, there is a critical worldwide need to better manage this increasingly valuable resource.(1)

Sea water

Oceans make up 97% of the world’s supply of water. Desalination using seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane technology has become a viable option for the development of new regional water supplies.

potential ways of desalination
vacuum distillation —essentially the boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure and thus a much lower temperature than normal. This is because the boiling of a liquid occurs when the vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure and vapor pressure increases with temperature. Thus, because of the reduced temperature, energy is saved. A leading distillation method is multi-stage flash distillation accounting for 85% of production worldwide in 2004 (2)

reverse osmosis---Membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes and pressure to separate salts from water. (2) benefit to this process is that it generates less heat energy than a distillation process, a down fall however is the fact that it requires a significant amount of energy.

= = = = = = = = (3)

Schematics of a reverse osmosis system (desalination) using a [|pressure exchanger]. 1:Sea water inflow, 2: Fresh water flow (40%), 3:Concentrate Flow (60%), 4:Sea water flow (60%), 5: Concentrate (drain), A: High pressure pump flow (40%), B: Circulation pump, C:Osmosis unit with membrane, D: Pressure exchanger

(5)
 * 3D Design Sea Water Reverse Osmosis desalination plant **

**General electric**

 * Seawater Desalination**

GE Water & Process Technologies is the world leader in the supply of reliable seawater [|SWRO membrane desalination systems]. GE's desalination projects range in size from small 2,000 cubic meter/day (370 gpm) plants -- providing potable water to hotels and resort complexes -- all the way up to projects like the 200,000 cubic meter/day (53 MGD) Hamma Desalination Plant, the largest of its kind in Africa. Hamma supplies desperately-needed drinking water to over 20% of the population of Algeria’s capital city. With over 20 years of seawater SWRO desalination operating and maintenance expertise, GE leads the industry in its practical knowledge of SWRO membrane design, SWRO membrane pretreatment design, SWRO membrane cleaning techniques, energy recovery devices and the selection of material of construction. (1)

application through out the world


**Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates ** 
 * Taweelah A1 Power and Desalination Plant has an output 385 million liters per day of clean water
 * Umm Al Nar Desalination Plant has an output of 394 million liters a day of clean water
 * Fujairah F2 is to be completed by July 2010 will have a water production capacity of 492 million liters (130 million gallons) per day.

Aruba

 The island of Aruba has a large (world’s largest at the time of its inauguration) desalination plant with the total installed capacity of 42000 metric tons (11.1 million gallons or 42 × 103 m3) per day. Australia A combination of increased water usage and lower rainfall/drought in Australia has caused State governments to build a number of desalination plants, including the recently commissioned Kurnell Desalination Plant serving the Sydney area. While desalination has been adopted by state governments to secure water supply, it is highly energy intensive (~$140 energy demand/ML) and has a high carbon footprint due to continued reliance on Australia's coal-based energy generation.  Cyprus There are also desalination plants in Cyprus, like the one near the town of Larnaca. This is called the Dhekelia Desalination Plant, which utilizes the reverse osmosis system. Gibraltar Most of the fresh water supply in Gibraltar is supplied by a reverse osmosis plant. Israel The Hadera seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant in Isreal is the largest of its kind in the world. The project was developed as a BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) by a consortium of three international companies: Veolia water, IDE Technologies and Elran. (3)

Criticism of desalinization
The World Wildlife Fund has issued a report [|critical of big desalination projects], saying they are too energy intensive, meaning they help cause global warming, then you have to do something with the concentrated salt that remains, and that, for most places, alternatives exist for supplying fresh water. .."The report called for greater emphasis on managing existing supplies before the go-ahead was given to major water projects."..more there ed: lot of deserts or scrub areas out there, near oceans. Seems like just normal solar powered evaporation could work to get gobs of freshwater from salty. Either way, I don't think this report will result in many canceled projects, although better and more efficient ways to make huge quantities of fresh from salty water should be pursued. (6)

= = = = =citation pages= (1) http://www.gewater.com/what_we_do/water_scarcity/desalination.jsp (2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination (3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis (4) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/sweden0607/files/035_-_baltic_sea.jpg&imgrefurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/sweden0607/getting_to_gotland&usg=__ZSCvT3Eiw_08W_A1QjR4rSo5zck=&h=389&w=519&sz=29&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=uqTd7HovpPC4lM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=191&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsea%2Bwater%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1R1MOZA_en%26biw%3D986%26bih%3D763%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=503&ei=Fzf4TPvzK4O78gbG6NHiDQ&oei=Fzf4TPvzK4O78gbG6NHiDQ&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0&tx=100&ty=75 (5) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kSoAMODtiU&feature=player_detailpage (6) http://technocrat.net/d/2007/6/19/21833/