Fall.2008MMA.Prendergast.timeline

**Major World Events**

 * __Ancient__**
 * Trojan War (900-600 BC)
 * Battle of Thermoeylae (480 BC)
 * Birth of Jesus Christ (8-2/29-36 BC)


 * __500-1800__**
 * Crusades (1095-1291)
 * The Enlightenment (1700’s)
 * United States Declaration of Independence Signed (1776)


 * __1800-1875__**
 * Industrial Revolution (1800’s)
 * The Alamo (1836)
 * American Civil War (1861-1865)


 * __1875-1900__**
 * Battle of Agurdat (1875)
 * Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
 * Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia (1896)


 * __1900-1915__**
 * Russo-Japanese War/ Bloody Sunday (1905)
 * Albert Einstein Revolutionizes physics (1905)
 * Panama Canal opens (1914)


 * __1915-1950__**
 * World War I (1914-1918)
 * United States Stock Market Crashes/Global Depression (1929)
 * World War II (1939-1945)

> > Ancient Times (450 AD and years prior) > > --Democritus 460bc- 370bc- a Greek philosopher who was the first scientist to discovered that there were elements. A tiny item that could not be broken down any further then it already was so he sat there trying to figure out a name for that compound. He came up with the very first atom but he celled it atomistic He was considered to be one of the for fathers of science because he pushed so many scientist of the times to try to compete with his experiments and show that he was wrong. He also had theory on living things in nature and knowledge. He was in the iron age of philosophy every thing that was to evolve came form there original discoverers. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democritus/ > > --Leucippus-Was a philosopher who was the teacher of Democritus. His pupul was considered one of the first great philosophers. But there are really no records of Leuippus's work because it was folded into Democritus work. so they cant tell what is Democratizes work and what is Leucippus's work. > > --Aristotle-384bc–322bc-His study's of physics were the first development of elements. His elements were more based on things that were of the earth. Like fire, air, earth, water, and aether. so he used this as the creation of his elements because they occurred in real life. > > 450-1700 > > --Robert Boyle-1627-1691-Is known as the first modern chemist. Published a book that stated how he believed that atoms to move while they were submitted to a outer force. Also talked about how the cluster of atoms moved form the different charges hitting one another and moving the atoms form place to place. The book is a corner stone for Modern chemistry. > > 1700-1800 > > --Humphrey Davy-1778-1829- Discovered threw his research alkali earth metals and alkaline metals. he figured out that they were in there own column on the periodic table and had all the same charges. He also discovered some other elements like Chlorine and iodine. he was the first one to discover and tell you how to disiver chemical property's. > > --Joe Priestley-1733-1804- Was the first person to ever separate the elements that are in the air. He separated it out and separated oxygen out and was hte first person to ever get oxygen by its self. He also preformed experiment to prove the Chemical Revolution really was true. > > -Amedeo Avogadro-1776-1856- He is best known for his contribution to the equation for molarity and molecular weight. He did this by using his number that he found witch is 6.022x10^23. It is still used today to convert the moles into molecules. > > 1800-1875 > > --John Dalton- > discovered the atomic theory. He was the first one to ever think of the atomic theory and then it took him many years but he finally figured out a way to show that his theory was true. From another experiment he was performing he as sucking up gases with a vacuum and trying to separate them evenly. But instead he came up with the atomic theory Elements are made out of tiny Partials. All atoms of an element are identical, The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element; the atoms of different elements can be distinguished from one another by their respective relative weights. Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form chemical compounds; a given compound always has the same relative numbers of types of atoms. Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, nor destroyed in the chemical process; a chemical reaction simply changes the way atoms are grouped together. > > --Robert Brown-1773-1858- Was the first man to see the nucleolus and to give it its name. But he thought it was a lot smaller than it really is. He suspended some of the pollen grains in water and examined them closely, only to see them "filled with particles" that were "very evidently in motion". He was soon satisfied that the movement "arose neither from currents in the fluid, nor from its gradual evaporation, but belonged to the particle itself".. > > --//Jöns Jacob Berzelius//-1779-1848- His interest in all sorts of compounds led to his discovery of a number of new elements, including cerium, selenium, and thorium. Students working in his laboratory also discovered lithium, vanadium, and several rare earths. Using his experimental results, he determined the atomic weights of nearly all the elements then known. Dealing with so many elements in so many compounds motivated his creation of a simple and logical system of symbols—H, O, C, Ca, Cl, and so forth—which is basically the same as the system we use today He also discovered some elements Silicon, Saylean, Thorium, and cerium. He also created the law of Definite proportions. > > 1875-1900 > > --Henri Becquerelt-1852-1908 has demonstrated that the intensity of the red, green, and blue radiations varies with the temperature of the body which emits them, according to an exponential law analogous to that of Dulong and Petit. He also discovered the use of radiation and how it penetrated items.In 1898, Becquerel and his wife Marie Curie studied radioactive materials, like pitchblende (the ore from which uranium is extracted.) These studies led to Curie and Becquerel releasing an article proclaiming their discovery of the element Polonium. In late December of 1898, they announced the existence of a second element, Radium. > > > --Wilhelm C Roentgen-1845-1923- Discovered the X-ray by taking a cathode ray tube and opening on end and trying a new experiment on the tube by placing aluminum at the end of the tube. Then he put a piece of cardboard to direct the waves. But he noticed that it did not direct any of the radiation so then he wrapped the whole thing in card board in a dark room and noticed that it was showing his hand that was on the tube and noticed that there was a flash back image form his hand touching it. So then later that week he used his wife to go and take the first X-ray. >  > --JJ Thomson-1856–1940- created the plum pudding model in witch he drew ti with one big ringt with a plasma or a go and then had these little dots that were the plum filling. and then they little electrons were the fruit Thomson is best known for his investigations into the nature of "cathode rays", (i.e., electrons). By deflecting these "rays" with an electric field, something that had been done previously with a magnetic field, Thomson provided conclusive proof that they were negatively charged particles. He determined their mass to be one two-thousandth that of the hydrogen atom, the smallest object known at that time. Thomson was thus the first to identify the existence of subatomic particles know as electrons. > > 1900-1915 > > --Neils Bohr- 1885- 1962- Came form a rich family of bankers and pharmacists. Worked under JJ Thompson and also Rutherford while getting his degrees. The basing his theory on ideas of Rutherford he said that elections move in circles and will move in and out of there lines His work drew on Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, in which the atom is seen as a compact nucleus surrounded by a swarm of much lighter electrons. Bohr's atomic model made use of quantum theory and the Planck constant (the ratio between quantum size and radiation frequency). The model proposes the explanation that an atom emits electromagnetic radiation only when an electron in the atom jumps from one quantum level to another. This model contributed enormously to future developments of theoretical atomic physics. . Rutherford-Bohr model Found the original atom. but it was the first thing that was seen as the atom. It showed the first orbits of the electron and showed that it went around in a circle around the nucleolus. They thought it never strayed form the path that it was on. > > --Marie Curie- 1867-1934 -Was the only person ever honored with the honor of 2 noble prizes winners. Came up with he theory of radioactivity. Also discovered radium and Plutonium. Was the first to come up with the idea to use radiation on cancer. Was the first women scientist. She did all of her experiments out of the back of her house she found this bed rock that she dug up but for every ton of soil they only got 10g of there radioactivity. > > > --Robert Millikan-1868-1953-Used an experiment that he called the oil drop experiment to test charge of an electron. it is considered one of the fundamentals of physics. The droplets would be passed threw an electrically charged slit of metal which would affect the rate at which they dropped and that showed that the charges were there and he calculated what they were ad they were 1.592 × 10−19 coulomb. > > --Ernest Rutherford-1871-1937-Researched radiation and in doing so he found alpha and bata partials and he also told you what they were and how they worked. He then shot Bata partials at the atoms so see if they go right threw them like he believed is going to happen. but when she did the he set up a box that only allowed partials to come out of the slit that was in it. Once the partials come out they it the cell and most of them went strati threw the partial bu then some bounced off so he came to the conclusion on that there was a tightly packed nucleolus and in doing that they bounced off the the nucleus and bounced off every witch way. > > 1915-1950 > > --James Chadwick-1891-1974- Went to school to be a doctor and had an internship with Rutherford and Hans Geiger. He was placed into a pow camp out side of Berlin. But he was allowed to still preform his experiments with Charles Elise. This is were he discover most of his theroy about the atom. He discovered the neutron in the atom. > > --Werner Heisenberg- 1901-1976- He was born in Germany and went to school and study under many well known names. Was then appointed to head of Physics at the Berlin. Then then WWII broke out and he was captured along with his colleges during the war by the Americans. Once he came back they reassembled there lab and he worked in the lab for many years and finally discovered the matrix's. and the outer rings and how the atoms circle around and around the nucleolus. > > --Erwin Schrödinger-1887-1961-He created a equation for quantum mechanics and he received a noble prize for it. But he used the equation to explain his theory of the cat by using his equation were it said that it would have to be a situation were if it smeared then the cat could die but if it did nothing then the cat would've due to the chemicals never breakdown down. > > 1950-current (extra credit only, not actually necessary for the project) > > --steven chu-1948-present-is known for laser cooling and trapping of atoms. He did this by directing the laser at the atoms. He discovered if he did this it would trap the atoms and they would be able to work on the atoms as they hung there suspended. In doing that it was a major break threw in science and he won the noble prize along with 2 other scientist for there work with the lasers. > > --William D. Phillips-1948-present- He also was in the group with steven chu in the laser cooling. A technique to slow the movement of gaseous atoms in order to better study them. > - > -Robert Aymar-1936-present- Created and is working on the Big Band Experiment when used to say that we have made tremendous progress in the discipline of elementary particles over the last thirty years. Our matter is being built through these. We should be very satisfied with the status, as that's why we have so many Nobel prizes which have been coming along the years. But we missed understanding what is beyond this energy and there is no better way than an experiment to find out what is missing. Dr. Blair "Jesse" Ellyn Reich 1979- He is the man the myth the legend DReich. You don't know he may be the next big thing in chemistry. At the moment he has dabbled with Bio fuels but he may get his own name in chemistry some day we shall see if he gets his own lab and start experiments and see if he can find some new discoverers in atoms.
 * __1950-Current__**
 * Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
 * Neil Armstrong Landed on the Moon (1969)
 * Terrorists Attacked the United States (9/11-2001)
 * In 1807, John Dalton theorized that the atom was the smallest piece of matter. He described these atoms as small, indivisible and solid spheres with a density. He also postulated that each element had a unique count of atoms, and if it was changed in the slightest bit, it would be a different element.
 * The Plum Pudding model is a model that is based upon just like its names starts plum pudding. This is because the pudding of the atom is the back round filler. And then the electrons are like the raisins. But this was JJ Thompson belief of what the atom looked like till he was proven wrong.
 * [[image:00080041.jpg]]Electron could is the new model for the atom. It has a nucleus that is surrounded by elections that are free floating and are not on a rigid path as once thought.
 * Planetary model- is a model were it has circulates in a rigid line so that it doesn't move form the those lines. it has a nucleus that is surrounded in the electron rings. and the rings can be filled. The first first ring can only have 2 and then everyone after that it can be filled with 8 elections and they never leave unless it reacts with another atom and mergers.
 * [[image:http://www.baystatebiofuels.com/_wizardimages/conference.jpg]]

Sites Used http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ http://www.thocp.net/biographies/biographies.htm http://www.aboutnuclear.org/view.cgi?fC=History,Time_Line for the pictures http://www.wikipedia.org/