Price.Spring2010.AtomicTimeline

www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/.../rutherford.html [|www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline//pages/1803.] nobelprize.org​ http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ma-Na/Moseley-Henry.html http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson.html http://users.zoominternet.net/~even/e_noyau.JPG

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MARK PRICE ======

//__ATOMIC TIMELINE__//



LEUCIPPUS

CIRCA 480 - 420 BC MILETUS, Asia Minor

One of the earliest pioneers of Atomic Theory. Together with pupil Democritus ; They are given credit as the founders of Atomic Theory. Leucippus states : (ATOMS) are...... " //imperceptible, individual particles that differ in only shape and position//. "

Leucippus was also a contributor to the Method of Exhaustion - Calculating an area by approximating it by the areas of a sequence of polygons.



DEMOCRITUS the "Laughing Philosopher"

These early atomists ( Leucippus and Democritus) believed in two fundamental realities that compose the natural world - Atoms and Void. Atoms - from //atomos or atomon// which means 'indivisible', varied in shape and size. They traveled around this void and clung to atoms of like size and shape - just as animals do in nature. Democritus regards the properties of atoms in combination as sufficient to account for the multitude of differences among the objects in the world that appears to us. Together with Leucippus, Democritus developed systems that made change possible by showing that it does not require that something should come to be from nothing. He regarded the atom as //unchanging and indestructible//. Perhaps the beginning of the Law of Conservation of Matter?

This model shows how Democritus believed one particular atom could make different things.





ARISTOTLE 384 - 322 BC Most influential Philosopher in the History of Western thought. He believed in actualizing your potential. AKA "the Man"

Aristotle believed that the substance of something is comprised of //matter//. Matter had four senses according to Aristotle : 1. It is the underlying structure of changes - particularly to growth and decay 2. It is the potential which has the capacity to develop into reality 3. It is w/o specific qualities and is indeterminate and contingent 4. Identical with form when it takes on a form in its actualized and final phase

Believed in the 4 Basici elements -- Earth, Air, Fire, Water

NICHOLAS COPERNICUS 1473 - 1543 POLISH ASTRONOMER

Copernicus developed the Heliocentric model of the solar system, which rocked the Catholic Church and ultimately led to his excommunication. The Copernican Revolution demonstrated the observed motions of celestial bodies without the Earth at the epicenter. His work is regarded as the beginning of modern astronomy and his epiphanies led to the footwork of the scientific revolution.

Copernicus' Heliocentric Model

​ Galileo Galilei

1564 - 1642 ITALY

Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, flautist and inventor. Galileo was integral in the Scientific Revolution. He was a believer of Copernicanism and the heliocentric theory/view. Among his achievements he improved the telescope, and has been called the "father" of modern obsevational astronomy, physics and science.

Sir Isaac Newton

1642 - 1727 ENGLAND SCIENTIST and MATHEMATICIAN

“If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants.”

Newton's accomplishments in mathematics, optics and science paved the way for the modernization of science and revolutionized tthe world. As a mathematician he invented integral calculus, differential calculus and developed a formula to calculate the speed of sound in a gas.... wow, thanks Newton. As a scientist Newton studied theoretical astronomy. He wrote the laws of motion and universal gravitational which explained the movements of the celestial bodies in our solar system. Isaac Newton also laid foundations in physics with volumes of laws that can predict data. He invented a reflecting telescope and wrote a few books as well. Admired by fellow colleagues Newton left a huge impression on the world of science.

ANTOINE BAUME 1728 - 1804 FRANCE

Baume was a French chemist and apothecary. With humble beginnings and poor education Baume caught a brreak and became a pupil of a well known chemist. From there he was on his own and did well. Baume invented a hydrometer which read in degrees of Baume. The readings are calculated by % NaCl by weight. This hydrometer is capable of measuring dense and less dense liquids.

ANTOINE LAVOISIER 1743 - 1794 FRANCE

Antoine Lavoisier's experiments led to the discovery of the Law of Conservation of Mass. Lavoisier first started a s a lawyer and then went to science. He was the first to propose that air was actually 2 gases - oxygen and what he called 'azote'. Lavoisier published the first chemisrty book in 1789 and is sometimes called the father of chemistry. He was beheaded in France by radicals during the French Revolution.

Sometimes the quest for knowledge comes at a high price

JOSEPH PROUST 1754 - 1826 FRANCE

Proust was best known for a couple of things. One was a dispute he was having with a fellow colleague, Berthollet. He argued that Berthollet's hypothesis was inaccurate. It stated that substances did NOT combine in constant and definite proportions. So he became even more well known when he won the dispute and proved Berthollet wrong with his Law of Definite proportions in 1799. This is also known as Proust's law. Proust also discovered 3 sugars - one being glucose. YUM....



JOHN DALTON

1766 - 1844 ENGLAND

CHEMIST, METEOROLOGIST , PHYSICIST

John Dalton is credited with the modern atomic theory. In summary - all things consist of tiny particles called atoms. All atoms of an element were identical & had same mass. Atoms of different elements were different from one another. Compounds have constant composition because they contain a fixed ratio of atoms. Chemical reactions involved the rearrangement of combinations of these atoms. Dalton's model states : atoms are tiny indivisible, indestructible particles of certain mass, size and chemical behavior. He was actually able to predict the weights of certain elements - impressively enough to a close degree of what we know today. Dr. Reich bears a srtiking resemblance to Dalton, and he digs that. Dalton made great progress in the area of atoms. He revised the accepted picture of this integral part of everything. Not since the greeks has real progress been made in this aspect.

AMEDO AVOGADRO 1776 - 1856 ITALY

Avagadro is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory. Avogadro's Law : 1 mole = 6.022x10^23

Avagadro's Law states : The relationship between masses of the same volume of different gases at the same temperature and at the same pressure, correspond to the relationship between their relative molecular weights. His work and hypothesis was not accepted unfortunately until after his death. He is recognized as one of the great fore fathers of modern chemistry today.

WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN 1845 - 1923 GERMANY

While conducting experiments on the external effects of various vacuum tube equipment when passing an electrical discharge through it, Roentgen discovers something. He notices that the invisible cathode ray causes a flourescent effect on a cardboard backingg when in the area of certain metals. When trying to stop rays with certain metals Roentgen inadvertently discovers radiation and X-rays. He is later awarded the Medal of Honor in Physics with his work.



HENRI BECQUEREL 1852 - 1908 FRANCE



Bequerel's early work was concerned with the polarization of light in the phenomenon of phosphoresence and the absorption of light by crystals. Bequerel discovered that the rays emitted by uranium caused gases to ionize which is different from x-rays becausse they could be deflected by magnetic fields. His work was inspired by the findings of Roentgen and his experiments earned him half the Nobel Prize for Physics. The Curies took a quarter a piece for their contributions to Becquerel's findings.

PLUM PUDDING MODEL SIR JJ THOMPSON 1856 - 1940 ENGLAND

Sir JJ Thompson's interest in the structure of the atom was evident in his publications and in his research and experiments. He was well known for his PLUM PUDDING MODEL - the atom is composed of negative charged electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the two. The negative charged electrons were "plums" and the positive charge was the "pudding." Although this theory was disproved, it was one step closer to the mysterious identity of this tiny particle ; the atom. Thompson's discoveries werre through his experiments with cathode tube rays.. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 for his laborious research in his beloved field of the atom.

MARIE CURIE 1867 - 1934 POLAND

Marie Curie was an icon of her time. Way before women got the right to vote, way before women were thought of equal to men - she was telling male scientists the way things were. She is known as the 'Mother of Modern Physics.' Curie was a pioneer of radioactive research - a term she herself coined. She was the first woman to receive a PHD in Science in EUROPE ! Madame Curie was credited for the discovery and isolation of polonium and radium. She established the nature of radiation and beta rays. She won 2 NOBEL PRIZES in different disciplines - CHEMISRTY AND PHYSICS !!! She was an incredible scientist and a great inspiration to women and men alike.

MILLIKAN and EINSTEIN OIL DROPLET EXPERIMENT

ROBERT MILLIKAN 1868 - 1953 AMERICAN !!

While working in Chicago, American scientist robert Millikan developed and oil-drop experiment. This experiment enabled Millikan to measure the charge of a single electron. The charge of an electron is of great importance to the dcientific community, and one of the fundamental physical constants. Millikan almost precisely discovered the value of the electron. The modern value is 1.06x10^-19 coulombs. Millikan also studied the photoelectric effect. He is credited with measuring the value of Planck's constant by using photoelectric emissions graphs of various metals. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, and was one of the first recognized American scientists. GO USA !! http://www.chemtopics.com/unit04/muni...

Rutherford's gold foil experiment

ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1871 - 1937 NEW ZEALAND

In 1899 Rutherford coined the terms alpha nad beta. He was responsible for discoveries in the field of radiactivity and nuclear physics. Rutherford set forth the the laws of radiactivity and radioactive decay. He also theorized on the structure of the atom. With his gold foil experiment Rutherford made a resounding discovery of a large, positively charged, dense region in the center of the atom - the nucleus. Ernest Rutherford is also given credit as the first successful alchemist in his dealings with oxygen and nitrogen. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics and is a treasured icon of his native New Zealand.



ERWIN SCHRODINGER 1887 - 1961 GERMANY

Theoretical physicist who contributed to the wave theory of matter and a multitude of other fundamental parts of quantum mechanics. In his publications, Schrodinger's differential equations form the basis for quantum research and quantum mechanics. In his spare time Schrodinger attempted to explain how quantum physics supported the stability of genetic structure. His work opened the door for other microbiologists. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933. After his retirement he still studied the unifying of gravitation and electromagnetism. Hard to imagine this man accomplished all this while WWII was going on. Schrodinger actually had to leave his homeland due to Nazi Anti- Semitism.



NIELS BOHR 1885 - 1962 DENMARK

Niels Bohr was a brilliant physicist who contributed to science in the areas of atomic structure and quantum mechanics. He was involved in the top secret Manhattan Project with other scientists of the time, Einstein being one. After that he was an advocate for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. He is responsible for the construction of the Bohr Model ; which states that electrons travel around the atoms nucleus in orbitals of different energy concentrations. When an electron drops from a higher energy orbital into a lower one, a photon of light is emitted. This explains why his earlier predecessor in the area was mistaken. Bohr won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.



JAMES CHADWICK 1891 - 1974 ENGLAND

Chadwick was a pysicist that worked along side Rutherford with the bombardment of elements with alpha nad beta particles. He also was interested in the properties of atomic and nuclear structure. In 1932 Chadwick proves the existence of the neutron. It is aptly named for its lack of charge. This discovery leads to the aid of fission of uranium 235. Since neutrons have no charge and need not overcome any coulumb barrier, they can therefore penettrate and split the nucleus of even the heaviest of elements. These key discoveries led to the possibility of nuclear fission and won this brilliant man the Nobel Prizee in Physics in the year 1935. Chadwick was also a collaborator on the Manhattan project that included the most prestigious names in science. He wrote many publications and was, like his colleagues, a teacher of his craft.

UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

WERNER HEISENBERG 1901 - 1976 GERMANY

Werner Heisenberg's name will always be synonymous with his theory of quantum mechanics ; which was published at the ripe old age of 23 !! The application of this theory led to the discovery of allotropic hydrogen atoms. Ultimately it won him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1932. Heisenberg worked with Bohr on the structure of the atomic theory model and the research with electrons. this work made Heisenberg develop his uncertainty or indeterminancy principle. This stated the impossibility to determine with arbitrarily high accuracy the position and momentum of subatomic particles. His legacy is somewhat of an enigma in the science world. He is often misregarded as a Nazi conspirator. Heisenberg was himself attacked by Nazi propoganda and thus proves not only Jew but Gentile alike suffered under the 3rd Reich.



GERHARD HERZBERG 1904 - 1999 GERMANY

​Herzberg's contributions to the field of science are in the field of atomic and molecular spectroscopy. His research has determined the structures of a large number of diatomic and polyatomic molecules,; including the structure of many free radicals. These studies have also been applied to the area of astronomy. His research ahs helped identify certain molecules in planetary atmospheres - comets, interstellar space, etc. His achievements won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1971. Sadly this is the same year in which he was widowed. Herzberg is yet another victim of the Nazi occupied Germany. He fled for his life in 1935. Taking refuge in Canada, he continued his work. His determination afforded us a glimpse of structures that we may never have seen before.

Mr Photosynthesis himself

MELVIN CALVIN 1911 - 1997 AMERICAN !!

Calvin's career began with a paper on the electron affinity of halogens. He quickly gained recognition in his interest and specialty - coordination catalysis with a concentration in metalloporphyrins. He both wrote and experimented heavily in this area. He developed an oxygen carrying synthetic chelate compound. His work carried him over into the area of biology. Here Calvin investigated in electronic, photoelectronic and photochemical behavior of these raw materials. Calvin was well versed in both biology and physics and was dubbed the name "Mr. Photosynthesis by time Magaazine for his studies in photosynthesis using CARBON 14 as a tracer. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1961.



JAN BOLDINGH 1915 - 2003 DUTCH

Boldingh studied chemistry and received his PH. D in 1942. Boldingh introduced a a number of new anaalytical techniques. One of these techniques was the gas Chromatography technique. This incorporated gas chromatograpy and mass spectrometry. His main focus was the study of nutritional research and the role and effects of fats in nutrition. Fats like polyunsatutared and saturated fats were his main objectives.Boldingh's research in this area won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1982.

SIR DEREK BARTON 1918 - 1998 ENGLAND

SIR Derek Barton's experiments in the realm of chemistry showed in general steroid molecules in particualr can be assigned and preferred ; confirmation was based upon results accumulated by chemistry physicists. Barton later determined the geometry of many other natural product materials using the method of conformational analysis. This is useful in planning organic synthesis and analysis of reaction mechanisms. This work also carries over into the area of enzymatic reactions and analysis. For his achievements he was awarded the nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1969.


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ROSALIND FRANKLIN 1920 - 1958 ENGLAND

A pioneer in the area of microbiology, Franklin was part of the team that discovered the structure deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA. Her team of Watson, Cricks and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work on the double helix model in 1962. this was four years after her death. Franklin discovered the A and B forms of DNA. She then went on to separate the to and form crystals that were pure enough for analysis. From this she used x-rays to get the basic understanding of the DNA structure. ||