A.+Matos+Time+Line+Project

In the planetary model of the atom, which is based on the solar system, the nucleus is at the center like the sun, with the electrons orbiting like planets.

The Rutherford model was developed in 1911 which stated that all of the positive charge is crammed inside a tiny massive nucleus about ten thousand times smaller then the atom as a whole. The plum pudding model was developed in 1897 by J.J Thompson and it was what he thought an atom looked like which was a sphere of positive charge containing electrons.

__Ancient world events:__ • 221 B.C. – Outbreak of Fourth Syrian War (to 217), Antiochus III attacking and overrunning most of Coele-Syria

395 - 387 BC: Corinthian War The immediate cause of the war was a local conflict in northwest Greece in which both Thebes and Sparta intervened. The deeper cause was hostility towards Sparta provoked by that city's "expansionism in Asia Minor".The war was fought on two fronts, on land near Corinth and Thebes and at sea in the Aegean. On land, the Spartans achieved several early successes in major battles, but were unable to capitalize on their advantage, and the fighting soon became stalemated.

334 BC: Battle of Issus:

the second major battle of the Persian campaign of Alexander ‘the Great’ and his first encounter with Persian King Darius, fought on the narrow coastal plain between the Mediterranean and Amanus mountains, just north of modern Iskenderum (south-east Turkey), named after him.Darius had mobilized a large army and advanced to Damascus, where he was reinforced by Greek mercenaries previously attached to his navy.

World events happening in 500-1800:

Queen Anne's War 1710 To prevent the close cooperation, if not the combination, of France and Spain on the death of Charles II of Spain the Grand Alliance declared war on France.

French and Indian War (1754-1763) The **French and Indian War** was the North American version of the Seven years war. The name does not refer to the two battling sides, but the two main enemies of the British which were the royal French forces and various American Indian forces. The conflict was the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain resulting in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River as well as the Spanish Florida.

The Battle of Lexington/Concord (1775): The battles of lexington and concord were the first military contact of the American Revolutionary War. They were fought on April 19,1775, in Middlesex County, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, and Cambridge. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies.

World events in 1800's-1875:

War of 1812:

The war was fought between the Americans and the British. The Americans declared war on Britain for a combination of reasons, including: outrage at the impressment of thousands of American sailors into the British navy; frustration at British restraints on neutral trade; anger at alleged British military support for American Indians defending their tribal lands from encroaching American settlers; and a desire for territorial expansion of the Republic.

Isaac Merritt Singer Patents his idea for a sewing machine:

In 1851, Isaac Merritt Singer, a machinist from Boston, Massachusetts, introduced the first sewing machine scaled for home use. Singer's patent was issued May 30, 1854. Although Singer’s early machines were based on Howe’s concept, he later patented the rigid arm for holding the needle and a vertical bar to hold the cloth down against the upward stroke of the needle.

Horrible conditions for working women in factories 1867: Women were a major factor in the industrialization revolution. Women were at first the primary workers in factories, especially in New England. The women working in the factories were usually poor women in need of money to help support their families, or farmers’ daughters wanting to go to the city and then save the money for when they got married. The way in which the women workers were treated varied.

World events in 1875-1900's:

1876: Alexander Graham Bell becomes the second man to invent the telephone: When he first thought of the idea of making the telephone he was 27 years old and he thought out the principle of transmitting speech electricity. When he was 29 his grant for his telephone to be patented was granted. His idea of inventing a telephone came from his interest in the human voice and his basic understanding of acoustics.

Blizzard of 1888: The "Great White Hurricane," as it was called, paralyzed the East Coast from the Chesepeake Bay to Maine.Telephone wires snapped, isolating New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington for days. Two hundred ships were grounded, and at least one hundred seamen died. Fire stations were immobilized, and property loss from fire alone was estimated at $25 million. Overall, more than 400 deaths were reported.

__**Ancient Philosophers:**__ Aristotle (384-322 BCE) was born at Stagira, Macedonia in northeast Greece. Aristotle didn't believe in atoms being different sizes, he believed and made a theory that all matter consisted of four elements which were air, fire, earth, and water. The four qualities that these four elements had were moistness, dryness, hotness, and coldness.

**Democritus** was born at Abdera, Greece, about 460 BCE. He was known for expanding the atomic theory of Leucippus and argued the eternity of existing nature, of void space, and of motion.He supposed the atoms, which are originally similar, to be compact and have a density equal to their volume. He drew a distinction between primary motion and its secondary effects, which is impulse and reaction.

**Leucippus** ( date of birth and death are unkown) was founder of Atomism. His theory arose from founder Parmenides' deniel of the void. Leucippus said that there could be no motion if there was no void and he believed that it was wrong to identify the void as non-existant.

1700-1800: Daniel Bernoulli (born 1700-1782) was a Dutch-born Swiss scientist who discovered the basic principles of fluid behavior. He used atomistic concepts in trying to develop the first kinetic theory of gases, accounting for their behavior under conditions of changing pressure and temperature in good terms.



Antoine Lavoisier ( born 1743 and died 1794) was a French chemist who is often called the father of modern chemistry.Lavoisiers most important contribution to science was his explanation of the chemical basis of fire. He observed that when the chemical elements sulfur and phosphorus are burned, they increase in weight. Lavoisier also made the fundamental discovery that water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.



//Rudjer Josip Boscowich (1711-1787):// Rudjer Boscowich was born in Dubrovnik Croatia, but later in his life traveled and lived in England, France, and Italy. He did not want to accept Newtons law of universal gravity, at least not on the atomic scale. He believed they had their own field of force, which he explained using geometry. Boscowich also believed that atoms were particles without demensions, simply geometric points.

1800-1875:

John Dalton from Cumberland, England ( born 1766 died 1844) arrived at his view of atomism by way of meteorology, in which he was interested for a long period of time.He proceeded to calculate atomic weights from percentage compositions of compounds, using a reasoned system to determine the likely atomic structure of each compound.



//Henri Becquerel from Paris ( born 1852)// showed that rays emitted by uranium, which for a long time were named after their discoverer, caused gases to ionize and that they differed from X-rays in that they could be deflected by electric or magnetic fields.

//Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen from germany ( born 1845 died 1923) came up with the idea of x-rays.// He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering similar to the one he had used on the Lenard tube. He covered the Hittorf-Crookes tube with the cardboard and attached electrodes to a coil to generate an electrostatic charge.

1875-1900:

**Marie Curie** was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867. Curie developed methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues in sufficient quantities to allow for its characterization and the careful study of its properties, therapeutic properties in particular.

Neils Bohr was born in Copenhagen on October 7, 1885. Bohr contributed to the clarification of the problems encountered in quantum physics, in particular by developing the //concept of complementarily//. He went on to a study of the structure of atoms on the basis of Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus.

**Erwin Schrödinger** was born on August 12, 1887, in Vienna and died in 1961. He tried to visualize electron as `wave packets’ made up of many small waves so that these wave packets would behave in the same way as a particle in classical mechanics. However, these packets were later shown to be unstable. He interpreted the wave function as a measure of the spread of an electron. But this was also not acceptable. The interpretation was provided by Max Born. He stated that the wave function for a hydrogen atom represents each of its physical states and it can be used to calculate the probability of finding the electron at a certain point in space.

1900-1915:

Werner Heisenberg was born 1901 and died 1976. Heisenberg had a flawed contribution to the Nazi atomic-bomb project, the failure of which was later fabricated as a deliberate effort to sabotage the project.

James Chadwick from Manchester was born 1891 and died 1974. He made his most outstanding contribution to modern physics by demonstrating the existance of a neutron. He became the first to use a direct method in determining the electric charge on the nucleus. He was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and the Nobel prize for physics in 1935. Chadwick had many papers that were published on the topic of radioactivity and other problems.

1915-1950:

Robert Millikan from Morrison Illinois (born 1868 and died 1953.) Millikan made a lot of discoveries which were in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. His earliest success was the correct determination of the charge carried by an electron, using the "falling-drop method", he also proved that this quantity was a constant for all electrons.

**Ernest Rutherford** was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand, he died in 1937. Rutherford's first researches, in New Zealand, were concerned with the magnetic properties of iron exposed to high-frequency oscillations, and his thesis was entitled //Magnetization of Iron by High-Frequency Discharges//.He was one of the first to design highly original experiments with high-frequency, alternating currents.

J.J Thompson was born in Chetman Hill, Manchester in 1856.Thomson's early interest in atomic structure was reflected in his //Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings// which won him the Adams Prize in 1884. He also came up with the Plum pudding model.

Bibliography: www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/C006439/scientists/index.htm#priestly http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/rutherford http://nobelprizes.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/J.Jthompson http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/RobertMillikan http://nobelprizes.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/arueates/1908/Jameschadwick http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/Wernerheisenberg http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/19908/Erwinschrodinger http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/Neilsbohr http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/MarieCurie http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/Wilhelm http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/Henribecquerel [|http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/chemistry/aureates/1908/Johndalton http://davidderling.info/encyclopedia/image/rutherford_atomic_model] http://answers.com/topic/battle-of-issus