Daniel.Govoni.atomichistory.fall.2009

Dan Govoni Kevin Flanigan Atomic TimeLine 10:45

= __**Ancient Times (450 AD and years prior)**__ =

--Empedocles


date of birth:484BC date of death: 428BC country of origin: Greece · Born into higher class family with backgrounds in leadership · Pursued a life in nature and philosophy · Established the 4 elements that structure the world that are only alterable by love and strife (divine powers) · Believed they were spheres because of pure divinity of gods · Also began the first theory of light stating that light comes from our eyes so we can what the beams touch · Wrote many poems and essays on matters of nature which were basis for some findings in science

--Aristotle-384-322 BC
( )

date of birth: 384BC date of death: 322BC country of origin: Greece

· Grew up as a member of aristocracy with a father who was a physician · After schooling he traveled the “world” making ne philosophies and theories of the place he lived in. · Has been credited for creation of base for modern scientific method · Expanded on Empedocles ideas of seeing, which is what we now call optics · Began classifying living things which is now biology · Thought of causes which are why things are, how they are and the reasoning of being how they are. · Also that life is all by chance and completely accidental
 * Said that Democritus' statemnt about atoms was worthless

--Democritus: 442 BC
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">date of birth: 460BC date of death: 370BC country of origin: Greece <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Had a wealthy father who had paid a lot for Democritus’ learning <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Was another natural philosopher who traveled the countries in search of knowledge and new understandings of the world <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Believed everything was a result of law <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Leader of mathematics and began the forming of geometry <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Also studied beginnings of biology by studying plants and human parts
 * Said that matter is made of small indivisible particles with different form, position, and arrangements and called these particles atoms

=__1700-1800__=

--Isaac Newton


date of birth: January 4th 1643 date of birth: March 31st 1727 country of origin: England
 * 1794, he proposed a mechanical universe with small solid matches in motion.

--Antoine Lavoisier


date of birth: August 26th 1743-May 8th, 1794 date of birth: May 8th 1794 country of origin: Paris, France
 * 1777, clarified that an element can not be broken down any further and devised a theory about the formation of compounds

--Charles Coulomb


date of birth: June 14th, 1736 date of birth: August 23rd 1806 country of origin: France
 * 1780, discovered attration and repulsion in unlike and like fluids

=__**1800-1875**__=

--John Dalton: 1803
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">date of birth: Sept. 5th 1766 date of death: 1844 country of origin: England
 * 1803 he announced the weight of atoms and worked woth atoms throughout his life

--Michael Faraday


date of birth: September 22nd 1791 date o death: August 25th 1867 country of origin: England
 * 1832, Faraday split molecules with electricity,developed laws of electrolysis

--Dmitri Mendeleev


date of birth: February 8th 1834 date of death: February 2nd 1907 country of origin: Russia <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Born in <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Verhnie Aremzyani village as the youngest of many children. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Began work on spectroscope and published several titles about the subject. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Became Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">As a teacher he attempted to classify elements by properties and led to the making of the first periodic table. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Proposed a table of know element (of the time) and some undiscovered ones. He stated <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The elements, if arranged according to their atomic weight, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties. 2. Elements which are similar in regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value e.g., Ir,Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs 3. Arrangements of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F 4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights 5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body 6. We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements–for example, two elements, analogous to <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[|aluminium] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and silicon, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75 7. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. Here Mendeleev was wrong as the atomic mass of tellurium (127.6) remains higher than that of iodine (126.9). 8. Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weight. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">” <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ([|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev]. Unknown author also stated on nobelprize.org) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Made other contributions like Proposed lighter atomic element than hydrogen, Created formula for expansion of gas, Given credit for metric system introduction <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Has Mendelevium named after him along with a moon crater and several honors <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * 1869, he arranged elements in 7 different groups with similar properties, known as the first version of periodic table

=__**1875-1900**__=

--Wilhelm C Roentgen: 1895


<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">date of birth: March 27th 1845 date of death: February 10th,1923 country of origin: Germany <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Born on March 27th at Lennep in Germany <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Produced radiation in electrons and found x-rays (also called Roentgen rays but deinied because he didn’t patent the discovery) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Was a lecturer at university of Strasbourg and later was a Professor at Hohenheim, Wurttembercg for agriculture and Chair of physics at University of Geissen. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Through studies of vacuum tubes and created an aluminum window which a cathode ray tube inside and a cardboard covering to protect the aluminum. Through alterations and new discoveries he had successfully “x-rayed” his wife’s hand <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Has numerous medals named after him <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">

--Henri Becquerel: 1896
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">date of birth: Dec. 15th 1852 date of death: Aug. 24th 1908 country of origin: France <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Henri Becquerel was born in Paris on December 15,1852 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">His family consisted of very accomplished scientists <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In 1888 Becquerel received his doctrine degree in science <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In 1892 he was appointed Professor of Applied Physics in the Department of Natural History at the Paris Museum <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Becquerel worked with Marie Curie and her husband with the creation of radioactivity <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Becquerel was experimenting with naturally occurring phosphorescence and accidentially discovered radioactivity <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He had the phosphorescence on a photographic paper and it was sitting in a drawer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">When he pulled it out the material had formed a big black spot on the paper, which was radioactivity <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Becquerel and the Curie’s both got credit for discovering radioactivity <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He received the Nobel Peace Prize with Marie Curie in 1903 for their discoveries <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This discovery was so advanced it is still used in hospitals today and it has been curing people for decades

--Marie Curie: 1898
<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">date of birth: Nov. 7th 1867 date of death: Jul 4th 1934 country of origin: Poland <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Marie was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867, the daughter of a secondary-school teacher <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">She received an education in local schools and some scientific teaching from her father <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In 1894 she met Pierre Curie, a professor in physics, they married a year later <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In 1903 she gained her Doctor of Science and was Head of Physics Laboratory at Sorbonne <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Her husband, Pierre, died in 1906 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">She was also appointed Director of the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, founded in 1914. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Marie discovered two radioactive elements; polonium and radium <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">She did this by isolating the radioactive isotopes <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Her accomplishments are still used today as radium is used in radiology which treats tumors <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">She had shown that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules, but it comes from the atom itself <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">This was probably the most important thing that Curie constructed <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903 for this and was the first to win this award <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">

--JJ Thomson: 1898


<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">date of birth: Dec. 18th 1856 date of death: Aug 30th 1934 country of origin: United Kingdom <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">He was born in Cheetham Hill, a suburb of Manchester on December 18, 1856 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Thompson enrolled at Owens College, Manchester, in 1870, and in 1876 entered Trinity College, Cambridge as a minor student <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">He became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1880 and he remained a member of the College for the rest of his life, becoming Lecturer in 1883 and Master in 1918 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">He was a Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge and this is where he made most of his discoveries <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In 1897 he discovered that cathode rays had to of had some sort of negatively charged particles within them <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Thompson <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">was trying to investigate whether or not cathode rays could be deflected by an electric field <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">His first experiment failed in his first experiment with cathode rays and magnetism then moved on the this <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He constructed a cathode ray tube and created an almost perfect vacuum inside the design <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Then he coated one end with phosphorescent paint <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">From this he discovered the cathode rays did bend under the influence of an electric field, in a direction indicating a negative charge <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">JJ received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937 for proving wavelike properties in electrons

=**__1900-1915__**=

--Robert Millikan: 1909


<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">date of birth: March 22nd1868 date of death: December 19th1953 country of origin:Morrison, Illinois <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">He was born on the 22nd of March, 1868, in Morrison, Illinois <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">His grandparents had come to America before 1750, and were pioneer settlers in the Middle West. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He attended <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Maquoketa High School in Iowa, then worked for a short time as a court reporter <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">From there he went to Oberlin College and then got his Ph.D. in Physics from Columbia University in 1895 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He then went from university to university teaching all around Europe, discovering numerous things in his experiments along the way <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The discovery that was his most famous was when he discovered the charge and mass of an electron in his oil drop experiment Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Robert Millikan discovered the charge and mass of an electron <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">First, Millikan had oil drops falling through a chamber and wait until they reached terminal velocity <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">By using a microscope, he measured their terminal velocity, then in turn by using a formula found out their mass <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Next he filled the same chamber with X-rays, to ionize the particles, which basically means to lose electrons <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Then some became negatively charged and he created a magnetic field within the chamber by attaching a battery <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">By adjusting the voltage till the force of electric field balanced with the force of gravity, the oil droplets would suspend in air <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">With this knowledge he used a few formulas and found the charge of an electron and Robert won the Nobel Peace Prize for this in 1923

--Ernest Rutherford: 1909-1911
<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> date of birth: August 30th 1871 date of death: October 19th 1937 country of origin: New Zealand <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">was born in Nelson, New Zealand, on August 30, 1871, into a large family of twelve children <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">At the age of 16 Ernest went to the Nelson Collegiate School, then from there went to the University of New Zealand, Wellington, where he attended Canterbury College in 1889 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> In 1893 he graduated with a B.Sc. in physics, then went on to study under JJ Thompson in Cambridge until 1897 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">After working in Canada at McGill then to University of Manchester again, he ended up back at Cambridge working with Professor Thompson around 1919 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He worked there for quite some time and was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in his famous gold foil experiment Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Rutherford had discovered that there was a nucleus in the middle of every atom <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He said that this minute nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom and carries a charge <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ernest’s gold foil experiment consisted of a particle emitter shooting particles through a very thin piece of gold foil <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Then on the other side and all around the experiment there was a particle detector to se where the shot particles ended up <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">To his surprise all the particles did not go straight threw, some particles were deflected and some were even shot straight back <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">From this he knew there had to be some large minute mass in the middle of an atom that carried a charge, otherwise no known as the nucleus

--H.G.J. Moseley
date of birth:November 23rd 1887 date of death: August 10th 1915 country of origin:England <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Henry Moseley was born in Dorset on the southwest coast of England in 1887 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In 1906, he entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">On graduation in 1910 he went Manchester University to work with Ernest Rutherford <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He had a full teaching load, but after a year he was relieved and began full-time research <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In 1913, by using X-ray spectra, he found a relation between wavelength and atomic number <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This helped improve the recently created Periodic Table <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">When WWI broke out he enlisted in the Royal Engineers <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In 1915, Henry was shot and killed by a sniper while telephoning an order Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In 1913, by using x-ray spectra obtained by diffraction in crystals, he found a systematic relation between wavelength and atomic number, otherwise known as Moseley’s Law <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Prior to this, atomic numbers had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary ordering, based on atomic numbers <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were not arbitrary, but have an experimentally measurable basis <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">With his discovery he was able to rearrange the Periodic Table and putting elements in correct sequence <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Moseley’s discovery in 1913 was a huge step in the creation on the Periodic Table today <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">

=__**1915-1950**__=

--Neils Bohr: 1922
<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">

date of birth: October 7th 1885 date of death: November 18th 1962 country of origin: Copenhagen, Denmark <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Niels was born in Copenhagen on October 7, 1885 and his father, Christian Bohr, was a Professor at Copenhagen University. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He grew up in a very bright family which set the foundation for his successful future <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bohr entered Copenhagen University where he came under the guidance of Professor C. Christiansen and took his Master's degree in Physics in 1909 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In the spring of 1912 he was at work in Professor Rutherford’s laboratory in Manchester <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">By using Rutherford’s experiment and the new Quantum theory ideas Bohr constructed a diagram of the atom <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Recognition of his work on the structure of atoms came with the award of the Nobel Prize for 1922. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bohr’s atomic model is remotely similar to what the model of an atom is known as today <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bohr, using his knowledge from his prestigious mentors such as Rutherford and JJ Thompson, put together a model of an atom <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">By using Rutherford’s ideas in his gold foil experiment and Planck’s Quantum Theory ideas was able to construct this model <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He knew there was a nucleus in the middle with protons in the middle and electrons around the outside and began creating the model <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Niels was awarded with the first decent model of the atom with the nobel peace prize in 1922

--Erwin Schrodinger: 1926
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date of birth: August 12th 1887 date of death: January 4th 1961 country of origin: Austria-Hungary

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">was born on August 12, 1887, in Vienna, the only child of Rudolf Schrödinger and Alexander Bauer <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">From 1906 to 1910 he was a student at the University of Vienna and came under strong influence of Fritz Hasenohrl <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">He took a few different assistant jobs at numerous prestigous universities until he settled at the University of Zurich for six years. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Here Erwin worked with Professor Max Wien <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">He was most known for his work with the wave equation due to his dissatisfaction with the quantam condition of Bohr’s orbit theory <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Erwin believed that atomic spectra should really be determined by some kind of complicated problem <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Erwin was not satisfied with Bohr’s orbit theory <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He published a book on wave mechanics and created was is now known as the Schrodinger equation <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In this paper he gave a derivation of the wave equation for time independent systems <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">This paper was known as one of the most important achievements in the twentieth century and created a revolution in quantum mechanics. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">A month later he wrote a paper that solved the quantum harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor and the diatomic molecule, and gives a new derivation of the Schrodinger equation <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Due to his discovery of the wave equation his was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">

--Werner Heisenberg: 1927
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date of birth: December 5th 1901 date of death: February 1st,1976 country of origin: Germany <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">was born on 5th December, 1901, at Würzburg. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Heisenberg went to the Maximilian school at Munich until 1920, then went to the University of Munich to study physics under professors Sommerfeld, Wien, Pringsheim, and Rosenthal. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In 1923 he took his Ph.D. at the University of Munich after studying under Max Born and Franck <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">From 1924 until 1925 he worked, with a Rockefeller Grant, with [|Niels Bohr], at the University of Copenhagen <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">He followed up of Bohr’s previous theory of quantum mechanics <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Although it was very successful in the early 1920s, three areas of research indicated that this theory was inadequate and would need to be replaced <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">These areas included the study of light emitted and absorbed by atoms (spectroscopy), the predicted properties of atoms and molecules, and the nature of light itself <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">After going through extremely hard math, which he figured out were matrices, he sent off the paper and got it published <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Heisenberg created the breakthrough for quantum mechanics.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">1927 he is best known as the founder of quantum mechanics <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">

--James Chadwick: 1931


<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">date of birth: October 20th 1891 date of death: July 24th 1974 country of origin: Cheshire, England <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bio <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">born in Cheshire, England, on 20th October, 1891, the son of John Joseph Chadwick and Anne Mary Knowles. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">He went to Manchester high school before attending Manchester University in 1908 and graduated from the honors school of physics in 1911 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Spent the next two years in a laboratory with professor Ernest Rutherford <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">He was interned in WWI until 1919, then went to Gonville and Caius College to resume work under Rutherford <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In 1932 he discovered the neutrons in and atom and said they were the same mass of a proton Disc <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In 1932 James proved the existence of neutral particles in an atom <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">James said that the neutrons were just about the same weight as protons <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">He discovered this by using alpha rays, which are charged, and therefore repelled by considerable electrical forces present in the nuclei of heavier atoms <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Chadwick led the way to the starting of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of atoms. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Also led the way to the fission of uranium 235, which eventually created the atomic bomb

=__Atomic Models__=

--Small, Spherical, Indivisible Solid Atomic Model ([])

--Electron Cloud Model ([])

--Plum Pudding Model ([])

--Rutherford Bohr Model ([])

--Planetary Model ([])