422-004+A.+Garrity+Big+Timeline+project

Did you ever wonder where the atom came from, how it was discovered, who took part in the discovery, or even **WHAT** an atom is? Well, in my Big Timeline project you will find out all the answers to you "atomic" questions. Along your way you will also find three world events that took place during the atoms discovery. I hope you enjoy my timeline of the atom. Feel free to check out other timelines of the atom and its journey from my other class mates, you have to go through the left navigation panel or through Dr. Reich's complete Wiki space (my timeline is a part of it) just click on the little tree in the top left corner of your screen. Thank You and enjoy Anthony Garrity
 * //__THE HISTORY OF THE ATOM__//** by Anthony Garrity

Below is a list of 15 (of the many) people who played a crutial part in the discovery and the journey of the atom and its parts.
 * //__Name Time Period Nationality__//**
 * 1) __**Democritus 460-370 B.C. Greek**__
 * 2) __**Aristotle 384-322 B.C. Greek**__
 * 3) __**John Dalton 1766-1844 English**__
 * 4) __**Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 1845-1923 German**__
 * 5) __**Henri Becquerel 1852-1908 French**__
 * 6) __**J. J. Thompson 1856-1940 English**__
 * 7) __**Marie Curie 1867-1934 Polish, first person to win the Noble Prize in physics and chemisrty**__
 * 8) __**Robert Millikan 1868-1953 American**__
 * 9) __**Ernest Rutherford 1871-1937 Dutch**__
 * 10) __**Niehls Bohr 1885-1962 Danish**__
 * 11) __**James Chadwick 1891-1974 English**__
 * 12) __**Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976 German**__
 * 13) __**J. Robert Oppenheimer 1904 - 1967 //American//**__
 * 14) **__Hans Geiger //1882 – 1945 German//__**
 * 15) **__Ernest Marsden //1889 - 1970 British-New Zealand//__**
 * 16) **__Erwin Schrodinger - 1887 – 1961 Austrian Irish__**

__//**1.Democritus:**//__ Democratus was a pre-socratic greek philosopher who lived from 460 to 370 bc and was a citizen of Abdera, Greece. He is also known as the laughing philosopher because he emphasised the value of "cheerfulness". Democritus was one of the two founders of the ancient atomus theory, which stated that there are small individual bodies which everything is composed of and that they move everywhere. He was a student of Leucippus. Democratus believed that all matter is made up of elements which he called atoma which means "invisible units" that are imperishable and indivisible. It is unknown if these were his own ideas or if they were from Leucippus. Diogenes Laertius lists a large number of works by Democritus on many fields, including ethics, physics, mathematics, music and cosmology. Two works, the //Great World System// and the //Little World System//, are sometimes ascribed to Democritus, although Theophrastus reports that the former is by Leucippus (DK 68A33). One report credits Leucippus and Democritus that thought and sensation are caused by images contacting with the body from the outside and that thought and perception is based on images.

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher that live from 382 to 344 BC. He grew up in a royal house hold. Aristotle wrote about many different subjects, such as physics, metaphysics, poetry (including theater), logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology. He was one of the most influencial of the ancient greek philosophers and helped turn Greece into one of the building blocks of Western Philosophy. Aristotle was born in Stageira, Chalcidice in 384 BC and is considered to be one of the great thinkers of the ancient world. His father was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. He was a scholar. He had a great deal of polititians influence from his father, but it is arguable about how much. It had no effect on his views and thoughts. He was an inhabitiant of Athens, Greece, but he was not a citizen and would not be allowed to participate in politics. Aristotle wrote many works in his life. The works he wrote were under the catagories of Logic Physical works Psychological works Works on natural history Philosophical works
 * //__2.Aristotle:__//**
 * 1) Categories (10 classifications of terms)
 * 2) On Interpretation (propositions, truth, modality)
 * 3) Prior Analytics (syllogistic logic)
 * 4) Posterior Analytics (scientific method and syllogism)
 * 5) Topics (rules for effective arguments and debate)
 * 6) On Sophistical Refutations (informal fallacies)
 * 1) Physics (explains change, motion, void, time)
 * 2) On the Heavens (structure of heaven, earth, elements)
 * 3) On Generation (through combining material constituents)
 * 4) Meteorologics (origin of comets, weather, disasters)
 * 1) On the Soul (explains faculties, senses, mind, imagination)
 * 2) On Memory, Reminiscence, Dreams, and Prophesying
 * 1) History of Animals (physical/mental qualities, habits)
 * 2) On the parts of Animals
 * 3) On the Movement of Animals
 * 4) On the Progression of Animals
 * 5) On the Generation of Animals
 * 6) Minor treatises
 * 7) Problems
 * 1) Metaphysics (substance, cause, form, potentiality)
 * 2) Nicomachean Ethics (soul, happiness, virtue, friendship)
 * 3) Eudemain Ethics
 * 4) Magna Moralia
 * 5) Politics (best states, utopias, constitutions, revolutions)
 * 6) Rhetoric (elements of forensic and political debate)
 * 7) Poetics (tragedy, epic poetry)


 * __//World Event://__ The Corinthian war from from 395 BC until 387 BC**

John Dalton was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist who lived from September 6, 1766 to July 27, 1844. He was born in Eaglesfield, England into a Quaker family. Dalton was the first to provide a scientific description of color blindness in 1794, a condition from which he suffered and which was long called "Daltonism." He is best known for the development of modern atomic theory. He studied mixed gasses and the expanding of gasses. under heat. John started out as a meteorologist and then changed to chemistry when he saw how "the applications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere." He developed the Atomic Theory in 1803 that said all matter was made of small indivisible particles named atoms, atoms of a given element have special characteristics and weight, ad there are three types of atoms that exist. His work said that all chemical elements have a specific type of atom, which proves Newtons theory of chemical affinities was wrong. He explained that if two gasses are mixed together they would act totally independent. The first gas does not attract or oppose the second gas, it just acts as if the second gas is not there. The result of this "independence" was that the total pressure use by the mixture of gasses was the result of the separate pressures used by each part in the mixture.
 * __//3.John Dalton//__**


 * //__World Events:__//**
 * - 1814 - The steam engine was build**
 * - 1815 - The end of the war of 1812**
 * - 1865 - End of the Civil War**

Joseph John Thomson aka J.J. was born on December 18, 1856 and died on August 30, 1940 He was a British scientist and won the Nobel Prize in 1906 in Physics Laureate. J. J. was credited for the discovery of the electron, isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. He was born in Cheetham Hill, Manchester in England. He had a Scottish upbringing. J. J. was elected "Fellow" of the Royal Society in June of 1884 and then was president from 1916 to 1920. J. J. helped Professor J. H. Poynting write a textbook that had 4 volumes, 1 was Properties of Matter and in 1895 Elements of the Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism was published. He descovered the electron, the first subatomic partical. J. J. is most remembered for his plum puddong model, got its name from being compared to the british food plum pudding. Here is the description: first off it was not a static model, but dynamic. The electrons were free to move in the blob/cloud, which was a positive substance. The rotating was stablized in the model when an electron move further from the middle of a positive cloud is felt a larger inward positive force because there was more pudding of the opposite charge inside its orbit. In J. J.'s model electrons moved freely within the rings which were stablized by the electrons and spectra interactions which were accounted for by the differences in the energy within the ring orbits. He tried to make account for some of the major spectral lines that were known for some elements, but he was still not successful at this.
 * //__4.J.J. Thompson__//**

Professor Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen who was born on March 27, 1845 and lived until February 10, 1923 was a German physicist, at the University of Würzburg .On November 8, 1895, he produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range (aka x-rays) or Röntgen rays which was a huge achievement that got him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The element roentgenium (which was known as unununium) was named after him. In 1895 Rontgen was using equipmwnt developed by his colleagues to find the effects of "high tension electrical discharges in glass tubes. Then they were looking at cathrod rays on the outside of the tubes. In november he used one of Lenards tubes to repeat an experiment and used a aluminum window to keep the cathrod rays in the tube and he put a cardboard covering on it to protect the aluminum from damage from the strong field needed to produce the cathrode rays. This prevented the light from escaping which he knew. He watched te rays and noticed the rays caused a flourecent effect on the cardboard screen which was painted with barium platinocyanide when it was placed up near the aluminum window. So then he stuck his wife's hand in it (nice guy, huh) and then saw the shadows of her bones and how it was surrounded by her flesh and her ring. This was the first x-ray ever.
 * __//5.Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen//__**

When he placed the salts near a photographic plate covered with opaque papar it was discovered to be fogged. This happened to all the uranium salts. Then he noticed the rays coming from the uranium and they were different from x rays by the fact that they could be attracted or deflected by magnetic fields.
 * __//World Event//__: World War 1 from 1914 to 1918.**
 * __//6.Henri Becquerel//__**
 * Antoine Henri Becquerel** (December 15, 1852 ; August 25, 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity. He was born in Paris and including him and his son there were 4 generations of scientists. His family was the third family to occupy the "physics chair" at the //Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle//. In 1894 he was elected the chief engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways. He was investigating phosphorus in uranium salts, he accidentally discovered radioactivity. He was studying Rontgen's work, and he put photographic plates and black mineral and wrapped the flourescent mineral potassium uranyl sulfate in preperation for and experiment using bright sun light. But before doing so he found that the photographic plates were fully exposed. This led him to experiment with the "spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation." He studied uranium salts.

- **1890 - The suecide of Vincent Van Gogh**
 * __//World Events://__**
 * - 1876 - Alexander Grandbell invented the telephone**
 * - 1882 - German, Italy, and Australia form the tripple Alliance**

Professor Robert Andrews Millikan was born on March 22, 1868 and died on December 19, 1953. He was one of the few AMERICAN experimental physisist. In 1923 Robert won the Nobel Prize for his measurement of the electrons charge and for his work on the photoelectric effect. He was author or co-author of the following books: //A College Course in Physics,// with S.W. Stratton (1898); //Mechanics, Molecular Physics, and Heat// (1902); //The Theory of Optics,//with C.R. Mann translated from the German (1903); //A First Course in Physics,// with H.G. Gale (1906); //A Laboratory Course in Physics for Secondary Schools,//with H.G. Gale (1907); //Electricity, Sound, and Light,//with J. Mills (1908); //Practical Physics// - revision of //A First Course//(1920); //The Electron//(1917; rev. eds. 1924, 1935). Millikan made many achievements in the areas of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. His first major achievement was finding the charge of the electron by using the falling drop method. He also found the atomic structure of electricity. he also developed a law of motion. But what Millikan is most famous for is the oil-drop experiment.
 * __//7.Robert Millikan//__**

An atomizer sprays a mist of oil drops into the upper chamber. Some of these drops fell throught the hole in the first/second level devider. He let them fall untill they reached velocity and opposing velocity due to the air resistance. He measured the regular and opposing velocities with a microscope and by using his formula and calculated the mass of each drop. Robert then radiated the bottom chamber with x-rays. In doing this he ionized the air which makes the air particles lose electrons. The extra electrons are becoming negatively charged when being captured by the oil droplets. The professor connected a battery to the plates and created an electric field between them which acted on the charged oil drops. By doing this he was able to controll the gravity of the oil drops by playing with the voltage, allowing it to be suspended in mid air. Each drop has a different amount of electrons, so the voltage will need to be adjusted. Oil drops that didn't pick up any extra electrons would go strait to the bottom.

__//**8.Marie Curie**//__ Maria Curie (aka Marie Curie) was born on November 7, 1867 and died on July 4, 1934. She was a physicist and chemist. She was born into a Polish family and later moved to Paris and became a French citizen. At the University of Paris she was the first woman professor. She was the first woman to win the Noble Laureate and on top of that that was in 2 different sciences [|link]. She was one of the first people to study in the field of radioactivity. Her and her husband Pierre discovered two radioactive elements which were polonium and radium.

Earnest rutherford was born on August 30, 1871 and died on october 19, 1937, and grew up in Perth, Scotland. He was also known as Lord Rutherford. Ernie was a nuclear physcist. He was one of the first to explor the orbital theory of the atom. He discovered the atomic nucleus. He is creditied with the Rutherford model which is his model of the atom. in 1909 he preformed the Geiger-Marsden experiment. when doing this experiment her prooved J. J. Thompson's Plum pudding model of the atom wrong. Rutherfords model included many vital features, such as a central charge, the neucleus which was small and charged positively and had electrons orbiting around it. Ernie was the first person to transform an element into another when he turned nitrogen into oxygen. And now for his famous Geiger-Marsden experiment (aka the Rutherford Experiment and the Gold foil experiment). In 1909 this experiment was made by Rutherford, Earnest Marsden, and Hans Geiger. The alpha particles (which are protons that are positively charged) were measured by being deflected on to a think gold foil sheet. As different kinds of metal foils were used, such as aluminum, iron, gold, and lead and they were packed together to be made thicker. Since the alpha particles had such great momentum and mass they were expected to go through by being deflected at a slight angle and they were being absorbed and sliding off the foil.
 * //__9.Earnest Rutherford__//**


 * //__World Events:__//**
 * -1901 - Austalia was formed as a nation**
 * -1910 - Japan anexes Korea**
 * -1914 - Archduke Ferdinand assasinated**

//__**10.Niehls Bohr:**__// Niels Henrik David Bohr was born on October 7, 1885 and died on November 18, 1962, which was 40 years after he was awarded the Noble Prize in physics. He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He is know for the Bohr model which shows the atom to be small, nucleus that is positively charged that is surrounded by orbiting electrons that have electrostatic attracting forces. This was the first hydrogen atom model, but a broad one. Since it is so simple, it makes it the easiest way to learn about the atom. But the problem is that classic mechanics say that the electromagnetics will be released as the electrons orbit around the nucleus. It will slowly spin inward and fall into the nucleus because it looses energy. This predicts that all matter is unstable, which is BAD. As the electron spins inward, the discharge will increase in its frequency while the orbit gets faster and smaller. It would make a continuing smear, in occurence, of electromagnetic radiation. The in experimenting with electric discharges with low pressure gasses in glass tubes, this showed that only a little light will come out of the atoms at "cirtin descrit frequencies". Professor Bohr arrived at the conclusion that an atom can only have certain motions (the following is the start of a quote from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model) 1.) The electrons travel in orbits that have discrete quantized speeds, and therefore quantized energies. That is, not every orbit is possible but only certain specific ones, at certain specific distances from the nucleus. 2.)The electrons do not continuously lose energy as they travel. They can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another (end of quote from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model) That was the Bohr model of the atom.

James Chadwick was born on October 20 1891 and died on July 24 1974. He was an English physicist and won a Nobel Prize. Sir Chadwick is mostly credited for the discovery of the neutron. His birth place is Bollington, Chesire England. He made the discovery that the particle in the atoms neucleus was called the neutron because it was neutrally (or had no) charged. The helium atom is positively charged was repelled by the large electrostatic forces from the nuclei of the heavy atoms. This new discovery in atomic degeneration did not overcome electrical blocks and is able to penetrate and split the nucleus of even the heaviest elements. In doing this Sir James found how to fission uranium235. This also helped create the atomic bomb. This is how he earned the [|1935 Nobel prize in physics].
 * //__11.James Chadwick__//**
 * //__World Event:__//** **World War 2 from 1939 to 1945.**

__//**12.Werner Heisenberg**//__ Werner Heisenberg was born on December 5, 1901 and died on February 1, 1976. He was a Germen physicist and is known as one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. Do you know what quantum physics is, if not he is one of the founders of it. He was the head of the German nuclear energy project. He also has his own law, the [|Heisenberg uncertainty principle]. During WWII he tried to keep German science going after the Nazi brain wash during the 1930's which banned Jews from doing anything and everything and they were all being killed. This took all of the Jewish professors out of the schools and nearly wipped out German physics. He helped develope many of Germany's nuclear power/weapon programs. In his making nuclear bombs for the Germans, Sir Werner Heisenburg preformed many experiments and studied the atom EXTENSIVELY.


 * //__World Events:__//**
 * //The Holocaust from 1938 to 1945//**
 * //-// 1931 - The grand opening of the Empire State Building**
 * - 1946 - The first electronic computer**

Robert Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904 and died on February 18, 1967. He was an America theoretical Physicist. He helped maske nuclear war weapons during WWII. He is widely known as the inventor of the atomic bomb. After the destruction nand killing of many people in Nagasaki and Hiroshima Japan he regreted inventing the atomic bomb. At the end of the war he was elected chief advisor of the new "United States Atomic Energy Commission". At that position he was able to controll for international atomic energy and was able to prevent the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. After bothering so many polititans and scientists with his pompus political oppinions during the Red Scare, he had no more security clearence and that was the end of his political career.
 * //__13.J Robert Oppenheimer__//**

Hans Geiger was born on September 30, 1882 and died on September 24, 1945. His full name was Johannes Wilhelm Geiger, Hans for short. He was a German physicist. He uis best known for the co founder of the discovery of the atomic nucleus through using the Geiger Marsden Experiment ([|link]). He was born and raised in Neustdat-an-der-Haardt, Germany. He was one out of five kids. He later became a member of the Nazi party and persecuted all of his Jewish friends, professors, and people who had helped him in his research.
 * //__14. Hans Geiger__//**

World Events: - 1963 - Kenya gains thier independence - 1970 - The launch of Apollo 11 - 1959 to 1975 - The Korean War was going on - 2003 - The Iraq War started

Ernest Marsden was born February 19, 1889 and died on December 15, 1970. He was a British New Zealand physicist. He was also good friends with Ernest Rutherford. They met at the University of Manchester. He was a royal engineer in France during WWI. He earned a Military Cross. After the war he became New Zeland's best scientist. He found the "Department of Scientific and Industrial Research" (aka the "DSIR"). He helped make atomic bombs and experimented with atoms.
 * //__15.Ernest Marsden__//**

Erwin Schrodinger was born on August 12, 1887 and died on January 4, 1961. He was an Austria Irish physicist. He received the [|nobel][|prize] in quantem mechanics. He studied the hydrogen atom. He invented the Schrodinger equation which is the combination of Newton's Laws and the law of conservation in a way so that they apply to quantum mechanics. It predicts the behavior of the dynamic system. Basically it is a wave equation that calculates in a precise and analitical way. Here is the [|LINK] to his formula and a more complete description.
 * //__16.Erwin Schrodinger:__//**


 * //__Bibliography:__//**
 * 1) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/75/Aristoteles_Louvre2.jpg
 * 2) http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aris-pol.htm#H1
 * 3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
 * 4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model
 * 5) http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democritus/
 * 6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnest_Rutherford
 * 7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger-Marsden_experiment
 * 8) http://www.atomicmuseum.com/tour/curie.cfm
 * 9) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html
 * 10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_pudding_model
 * 11) http://www.faqs.org/docs/qp/images/rfmodel.gif
 * 12) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html
 * 13) http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/millikanoildrop.html
 * 14) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Roentgen-x-ray-von-kollikers-hand.jpg
 * 15) http[|://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model]
 * 16) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg
 * 17) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html
 * 18) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Marsden
 * 19) [|www.wikipedia.org]
 * 20) [|www.google.com]
 * 21) [|google images]
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 * 23) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/schr.html

So, how much do you know about the atom now? I hope you learned a lot in reading my Big Timeline project of the Atom. Thank you for taking the tiome to read my presentation Anthony Garrity