Breslin+and+Brodeur+atomic+timeline

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Lose bowels, runny nose, back ache, feeling woozy, weariness, head ache, tummy ache, and gas are some Prilosec facet effects that are quite usual. These minor Prilosec aspect effects can fade away once the patient ceases to require the drugs, however thus will the positive effects. The drug could also cause skin allergies, itchiness, skin inflammation, and alopecia. **[|prilosec side effects long term]**Michael "Boss" Breslin and Devon "the engineer" Brodeur's atomic history timeline fall 2010

= __Atomic Timline__ =

Ancient Times (450 AD and years prior)
Democritus was an ancient Greek philosopher. He formulated the first atomic theory for the cosmos. It read that all matter is composed of tiny and indestructible units. He did not know how to prove his theory however with evidence. He is also considered the father of modern science.
 * 460 BC**
 * Democritus**

Empedocles
Empedocles was a greek scientist who pondered the world and the matter that makes up most of it. He did not have much knowledge of why or how, but he knew what it was. Empedocles suggested that matter is of course composed of smaller units of matter, and he concluded that some substances were a combination of two seperate units. He did not know how they bonded or why, and he tried to take in greek mythology into perspective. He made a valid point saying the substances are composed of a few elements, but the reasoning behind it was invalid.



Aristotle
Aristotle declared that the there were only four elements in existence. He determined these to be earth, air, water, and fire. Of these elements, he continued saying that they had properties of hot, cold, wet, and dry. The four possible combinations are the four elements: earth (cold and dry), air (hot and moist), fire (hot and dry), water (cold and moist).

Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton is well known for his contributions to physics and the natural world. He made the three laws of motion and a few other gravitational theories. However, there is little known about his chemistry side. Sources say that he would lock himself in his lab for days at a time and work until the late hours, and that he was often sleep deprived. Newton also tried taking lead and transmuting it into gold. Although he was unsuccessful, he took a job as the Director of Mint, taking accounting and security responsibilities.

Antoine Lavoisier
Antoin Lavoisier is considered the father of modern chemistry. He made very important contributions to chemistry and his theories were proven correct later on in history. One of his most important discoveries were progressions on combustion reactions. He knew that oxygen combined with another element in the reaction that involved fire. He was not sure what it was though. This discovery then led to a theory that is now known as conservation of mass. When things are burned, mass is neither created nor destroyed, but rather just change in form and combination of the elements.

Charles Coulomb
(1737-1806) Charles Augustine Coulomb's country of origin was France. Charles Augustine Coulomb found the first measurements of the force of attraction between oppositely charged particles. Coulomb discovered this between 1785 and 1791. He discovered that the force of attraction was directly proportional to the product of the charges on the two objects (//q//1 and //q//2) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects (//r//2).

Jeremias Benjamin Richter
Jeremias Richter was a german chemist who was extraordinary in mathematics. He helped figure out equivalent proportions of elements that is now known as stoichiometry. He never reached a profession where he funded his on experiments.

John Dalton
John Dalton was a very humble man. He was not very articulate and he was color blind. Both of those qualities are essential to chemistry but he experimented with his other senses. Dalton furthered Democritus' theory that atoms are unchangeable and characterized by mass. Different elements react with whole number ratios.



Michael Faraday
Born in 1791. Faraday was extremely curious person, questioning everything for much of his life. In 1831, Faraday made one of his greatest discoveries with electromagnetic induction. This meant the generation of electricity in a wire by means of the electromagnetic effect of a current in another wire. His experiments lead to the basis of electromagnetic technology as we know it today. He studied the effect of electricity on solutions, coined term "electrolysis" as a splitting of molecules with electricity, developed laws of electrolysis.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev


Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, on February 7, 1834 he arranged elements into 7 groups with similar properties. He discovered that the properties of elements "were periodic functions of the their atomic weights". This became known as the Periodic Law. His greatest accomplishment, however, was the stating of the Periodic Law and the development of the Periodic Table. From early in his career, he felt that there was some type of order to the elements, and he spent more than thirteen years of his life collecting data and assembling the concept, initially with the idea of resolving some of the chaos in the field for his students. Mendeleev was one of the first modern-day scientists in that he did not rely solely on his own work but rather was in correspondence with scientists around the world in order to receive data that they had collected. He then used used their data along with his own data to arrange the elements according to their properties. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic weights, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties. 
 * 1) Elements which are similar as regards their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (eg. Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (eg. K, Ru, Cs).
 * 2) The arrangement of the elements, or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights, corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, Ba, C, N, O, and Sn.
 * 3) The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
 * 4) The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
 * 5) We must expect the discovery of many as yet unknown elements-for example, elements analogous to aluminum and silicon- whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.
 * 6) The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128.
 * 7) Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights. (18)

*NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1906*
John Joseph Thompson was born December 18th, 1856. He used the cathode ray tube to show the deflection of light of electrically charged plates. He stated that there are "bodies smaller than the atom". By that he meant the atom is composed of smaller building blocks to make up the atom. He suggested the atom as a sphere of positive matter in which electrons are postioned by electrostatic forces.

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1935
James was born October 20, 1891 in Manchester England. He experimented to discover 4th known subatomic particle which was a neutron. He underwent a difficult experiment using radiation and discovered the neutron was present. Chadwich also established that the atomic number will be determined by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus. In later experiments, he contributed to constructing the first nuclear fission bomb.

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1903
Henri Becquerel was a French scientist that made important progressions on the theory of radioactivity. He put chunks of uranium onto a photographic plate in a dark room. After some time, he went back into the room and discovered the plate had been darkened. Essentially what he learned from that was that with no outside sources of energy, the uranium transferred energy to the plate. This is what is now known as radioactivity. Becquerel also conducted important research on phosphorescence, //and the absorption of light//

NOVEL PRIZE WINNER 1901
Willhelm Roentgen discovered XRAYs. He surrounded a tube in black paper. He covered the sheet in barium platinocyanide. Willhelm proceeded to step out of the dark room, and the sheet continuted to glow even in the light. After this interesting concept, he experimented with XRAYs for two months and finnally anounced in 1896. This discovery contributed to the discovery of radioactivity.

2X NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1903, 1911.
Marie was born November 7th 1867 in the Russian Empire. She is considered one of the most badass chemists (source:Dr. Reich). She met her husband who was also a chemist, Pierre Curie. They both shared the hobby of experimenting with chemistry and started a duo for research. They discovered that uranium emmited rays. The emmission of the rays by the compund Uranium is a property of the metal itself. It is an atomic property. Together, they went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occuring compounds to prove they were new and independent elements. They succeeded in isolating radium but nver polonium. The element Curium is named after Marie Curie since she helped discover radioactivity. Curie won two nobel prizes.

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1908
Earnest Rutherford was born August 30th in 1871 in New Zealand. Rutherford discovered that atoms have a dense nucleus, through the gold foil experiment. He expanded on that and said that the nucleus actually contains the protons as well. He placed terms to basic principles in chemistry such as alpha, beta, gamma rays, half life, and daughter cells. Those terms are still usedd today. He discovered that radioactive elements emit alpha and beta rays, and the reactivity of those is half lifed.

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1923
Robert Millikan was an American physicist that helped to discover the mass and charge of the electron. To do this, he set up an experiment including oil and gravity. First he tested the amount of time it took for the oil drop to fall by gravity with voltage applied. After that he tested that same with no voltages applied. The oil drop experiment led to other discoveries important to the modern atomic theory. It helped other scientists to use more knowledge effectively.

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER
Heisenberg earned his Ph.D and went on to do lecture tours to the United States, Japan, and India. His major contribution was the uncertainty principle. The more information known of the position, the less is known about the speed and direction. In electron clouds the electron is subatomic comparable to the speed of light. What he was trying to say is that it is only a generalization of where the electron might be.

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1922
Niels Bohr is a chemist that studied under JJ Thomson at Cambridge and did work with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester. He furthered the atomic theory of his time saying that the nucleus is surrounded by a set of much lighter electrons. He also said that the atom emits electromagnetic radiation only when an atom is jumping from one quantum level to another quantum level. He made use of the quantum theory and plank’s constant to prove this. His work helped to the concept that electrons exist in shells and that the electrons in the outermost shell determine an atom's chemical properties.

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1933
Erwin Shrodinger was an Irish-Austrian scientist that helped produce the electron configuration diagram. He showed that electrons exist in electron clouds. Inside the cloud, he said that the location of the electron is not known but rather just guessed where it is. He explained that a cloud is an area where electrons orbited the nucleus. There are separate clouds depending on how many electrons are contained in an atom. He also described the orbitals as s, d, f, and p.

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1969
Professor Murray Gell-Mann contributed to chemistry by introducing the eightfold theory. He determined that the nucleus contains about 100 other particles. He said these were composed of quarks. “The quarks are permanently confined by forces coming from the exchange of "gluons." He and others later constructed the quantum field theory of quarks and gluons, called "quantum chromodynamics," which seems to account for all the nuclear particles and their strong interactions.”

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1969
George Zweig also independently helped proved the eightfold theory and quark theory. Him and Gell-Mann both proved this and both earned the Nobel Prize in 1969.

**NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1951**
Seaborg was born in Ishperning, Michigan on April 19, 1912. After being appointed as an instructor at the University of California, he took responsibility for direction of nuclear chemical research at the Lawrence Radiation Lab. He headed the plutorium work of the secretive Manhatten Project, he also was a co-discoverer of plutonium and all further transuranium elements through element 102. Seaborg and his colleagues are responsible for the identification of more than 100 isotopes of elements through out the periodic table.



S,S,S,I model. Chemists believed the atom as a basic small, solid, spherical, and indivisible model. Although being tiny in size, this model could be related much like a bouncy ball. Other models made after further discvoereies that would elaborate based off this basic description of what we now know as an atom. Even though it is not entirely true, it is essential to chemistry.

After the electron was discovered in 1902, Ernest Rutherford showed it to be part of the atom. Efforts made by scientists such as Rutherfordd, Bohr, Heisenberg, and others led to the formation of an electron cloud model. This model is based off Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. This principle states that it is not possible to obtain precise values of both position and momentum at the same time. The only way to describe the location of an electron in an atom is through probability distribution.



In 1904, JJ Thomson proposed an atomic model. This model consisted of a sphere filled with a positively charged fluid, this fluid was called the pudding. This model was formed to explain the curiosities about atoms having neutral charge. Where as a positive particle must exist to balance out the electrons. The electrons existed in this model as the plums which were scattered throughout the pudding.



Rutherford-Bohr model – 1913 This model shows atoms as small positivily charged nucleus surrounded by electons that travel in cirucular orbits outside the nucleus. This model was an essential part of atomic discoveries and improved earlier models like the plum pudding model, the saturnian model and the Rutherford model. Since Bohr elaborated on the Rutherford model, it is known as the Rutherford-Bohr model.

[[image:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQiP75K3_NUw7M4jc-FeVCZzo2-DhAmvJU8dkmVr8rCEfgmlM4vQw width="275" height="184" align="left"]]
In the planetary model, the electrons were orbiting the nucleus in ellipses, meaning they were undergoing acceleration. This model expanded upon Rutherford’s model by proposing that electrons travel only in certain successively large orbits. He also proposed the idea that outer orbit rings could hold more electrons than the inner ones. He also proved that these outer most electrons determines the atoms’ chemical properties.