D.+Watkins+Time+Line+Project

=__Atomic Timeline by Craig Christie and DJ Watkins__=

-Aristotle
__**Democritus (~ 470 to 380 B.C.)-**__Democritus was born in Abdera, Greece in 470 B.C. He developed an atomic theory that was similar to the principles of matter and energy we use today. He wrote many books in a wide range of subjects including anything from chemistry to astronomy. He expanded on the core theory that the universe is composed of atoms.



__**Aristotle (384 B.C. to 322 B.C.)**__- Aristotle was born at Stagira in northern Greece. He was a greek philosopher. He was a student of Platos and a teaher of Alexander the great. He wrote about subjects such as physics, biology. logic, philosophy and many more. He wanted to develop and teach a universal model, which is basically

-John Dalton
__**Joseph Black (1728-1799)**__ __-__ Joseph Black was born in Bordeaux on April 16. He was one of fifteen children. his work in chemistry started out by using a basic magnesium carbonate. This led to his discovery of carbon dioxide. At the time, he called it, "fixed air." He didn't limit himself to just chemistry, as he worked in medicine as well. When he discovered carbon dioxide he submitted it to medical research.




 * __John Dalton (1766-1844)__**- John Dalton was born into a Quaker family in Cumberland, England. He was a teacher and lecturer for most of his life. He was originally interested in meteorology and kept daily weather records until the day he died. He is most famous for his atomic theory. This theory consisted of 5 major points. The first one is that elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms. The next point is that all atoms of a certain element are identical. The next is that all atoms of a certain element are different than any other. The next point is that atoms of a certain element can combine with other ones to make compounds. Finally, the last point is that atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller parts. His ideas and theories were not accepted at first, but are now proven to be true and are still used today. [[image:http://www.uh.edu/engines/jdalton2.jpg width="189" height="161"]]

-JJ Thompson
__**Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845-1923)**__-Rontgen was born at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany. He is most famous for the discovery of his rays that he called, x-rays. He conducted an experiment where he worked in a dark room, and covered the discharge tube with thick black carton so that there would be no light. he then put barium platinocyanide on a paper plate, and the rays from the discharge tube would hit the plate from as far as 2 meters away. During his experiment he found that objects with different thicknesses would have different transparency. He then discovered that the rays allowed him to see bones in his wifes hand. The nature of these rays were unknown, so he called them x-rays. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html


 * __Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)__**- Henri Becquerel was born into a family of scholars and scientists in Paris. He worked mostly on phosphorescence. He is most famous for his experiment to see if there is any connection between x-rays and naturally occuring phosphorescence. He concluded that rays emitted by uranium differed from x-rays because the uranium rays could be deflected by magnetic or electric fields. This was the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity. He was given half of the nobel prize in 1903, while the other half was awarded to Pierre and Marie Curie. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html


 * __JJ Thompson (1856-1940)__**- J.J. Thompson was born in Cheetham hill, a suburb of Manchester. He conducted many experiments on electromagnetism and atomic particles. In 1906 he was awarded the Nobel prize in physics for his researches into the discharge of electricity in gases. He furthered the experimenting with cathode rays and concluded that they are made up of electrons.http://www.aip.org/history/electron/jjhome.htm

-Ernest Rutheford

 * __Madam Curie (1867-1934)__**- Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867. Her early experiments were conducted under poor conditions. She didn't have proper equipment or a proper lab. A lot of her work was inspired by the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel. During the course of her life, she achieved many things. She discovered 2 elements, polonium and radium. Together with her husband, she was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, for their study into the spontaneous radiation discovered by Becquerel. In 1911 she received a second nobel prize, this time in chemistry, in recognition of her work in radioactivity. She died in Savoy, France after a short illness.


 * __Robert Milikan (1868-1953)__**- Robert Milikan was born in Morrison, Illinois. He made many discoveries, mainly in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. His earliest major success was the accurate determination of the charge carried by an electron. He wrote many books throughout his life, making many contributions to scientific journals. During World War I, Millikan was Vice-Chairman of the National Research Council, playing a major part in developing anti-submarine and meteorological devices. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1923.

He spent most of his working career in Great Britain. Rutherford is known as "the father of nuclear physics". The gold-foil experiment redefined chemistry as we know it. Before his experiment the model of the atom was the "plum-pudding" model. Rutherford disproved this model using his "gold-foil" experiment. If the "plum-pudding model was correct then the neutrons that were shot at the gold foil would have shot into directions much less than 90 degrees. But this is not what happened at all. The neutrons shot well over 90 degrees and even right back at him. He said "It was almost as incredible as if you fired a fifteen-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you". The other thing that Rutherford is famous for is coming up with the idea of a "half-life". That involves "radioactive decay". It takes something like that an extremely long time to dissapear. You cut the time in half and add that half onto the original amount and you keep on doing that until there is nothing left. Rutherford was a great teacher and his most famous student is "Neils Bohr". He lived comfortably in his London home until he died in 1937.
 * __Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)__**-Ernest Rutherford was born in Nelson, New Zealand. Rutherford attended the University of Cantebury and Cambridge University both of which are prestigious schools in England. He is most famous for his gold-foil experiment that helped him create a new model for the atom and helped earn him the Noble Prize for Chemistry in 1908.

- James Chadwick

 * __Erwin Schrodinger (1877-1961)__**-Schrodinger was born in 1887. his most notable achievments were finding the hydrogen-like atom which is an atom just like hydrogen but instead of being neutral is carries a positive charge. He had a very difficult time during his life because he was Jewish and he had to find a country that had not adopted anti-semitism as a national policy eventually settled in Ireland where he started a school where he remained for 17 years and became a citizen of Ireland. some of his accomplishments are a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 and his work with the Schrodinger equation which describes space and time dependence.


 * __Niehls Bohr (1885-1962)__**-Bohr who was born in Copenhagen, Denmark studied under some of the most well known scientists of all time, Ernest Rutherford and J.J. Thompson. His biggest contribution to science is the Bohr Model of the atom which shows that electrons travel in orbits around the nucleus, not just random. His theory also shows that electrons can also move between the different electron levels. for his contribution to the structure of the atom he was awarded the Nobel prize for Physics in 1922. Bohr was also part of the Manhattan project which developed the atom bombs that were dropped on japan.

Einstein was born on March 14, 1875 at Ulm, Germany. When he was five years old Albert's father showed him a pocket compass. He realized that something in empty space was moving the needle and later exclaimed that this experience made "a deep and lasting impression". From there on Albert had a knack for mathematics and a fondness for creating mechanical devices. When Albert was just a young teen his parents sent him to "the new and progressive" Luitpold Gymnasium. Alberts father pushed him to pursue a life in electrical engineering but Albert and authorities at the school didn't get along well and resented the school regimen. Later in life Albert wrote "the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning." In 1895 at the age of fifteen Albert's parents' business failed and the family packed their things and moved to Italy. the family had left Albert behind in Munich to finish high school but he eventually dropped out to meet up with his family using a doctors note. In 1896 when Einstein was 17 he renounced his German citizenship with his father's permission so he could avoid military duty. Before the "atom bomb" Einstein was most famous for his "Theory of Relativity". Einsteins "Theory of Relativity" is a combination of two types of relativity. Special and General Relativity. Special Relativity is "Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime. General Relativity is "The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field are physically identical." This theory won Einstein the Noble Prize in 1921. But the thing that has Einstein most famous was the creation of the "atom bomb" that helped the United States win the 2nd World War over the Germans and Japeneese. He discovered how to split the atom and with the creation of the bomb caused mass distruction in the far east and imposed an immediate end to the terrible war. Einstein is considered by most people the greatest scientist in the history of the world and his name is synomomous with "Genius". http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Einstein.html__
 * __Albert Einstein (1875-1955)__**-Arguably the greatest scientist in the history of the world. The German-born physicist has made many great contributions to science and in 1999 was named Time Magazine's "Person of the Century". In 1921 he won the Noble Prize in Physics for his services to Theorectical Physics and he also had major contributions to the United States winning World War II by creating the atom bomb.




 * __James Chadwick (1891-1974)__ -**James Chadwick was born in Chesire, England. During his career as a scientist he worked with Ernest Rutherford. Also during the first world war he was interned by Germany but was able to set up a labrotory and continue his work. Some of his most notable achievments were finding a particle in the nucleas of an atom which had no charge which he called a neutron. for this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics but during the same time a German scientist had found the neutron and as a result Chadwick offered to share the prize with the german scientist. Chadwick later became a professor at Liverpool Univerity and worked on the Manhattan project in the United states which developed the atomic bombs that were dropped on japan during the second world war. For his work on this project he was knighted by the queen of england.

-Werner Heisenberg
Heisenberg was born at Wurzburg, Germany on December 5th, 1901. He is most famous for “Quantum Mechanics” and being the head of the German Nuclear Program.Quantum Mechanics. The first part of quantum mechanics was “matrix mechanics” which he alongside Neils Bohr developed while they were students at the University of Munich in 1925. In 1927 he developed the “Uncertainty Principle”, which states “the simultaneous determination of two paired quantities, for example the position and momentum of a particle, has an unavoidable uncertainty. He is most famous for the Copenhagen Intrepretation which he formulated in collaberation with Bohr.In 1932 he won the Noble Prize in Physics for “**//for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the//** **//allotropic//** **//forms of hydrogen//**”. Even though that was the most famous time period of his career as a chemist he continued to head the German Nuclear Program right on through the end of WWII. He helped them with the discovery of Nuclear Fission before he retired. He died on February 1st, 1975.
 * __Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)__** -

__Ancient times__
- First Olympics are held in Athens, Greece - 476 B.C. Fall of the Roman Empire - 431 B.C. Peloponessian War

__1700-1800__
- King Louis XIV died - 1715 - Richmond, Virginia is founded - 1737 - French and Indian war starts - 1754

__1800-1875__
- The First Electrical telegram is sent - 1844 - The periodic table is created - 1869 - The telephone is invented - 1876

__1875-1900__
- 1899 "Boer War" - 1883 Krakatoa Erupts - Adolf Hitler is born on April 20, 1889

__1900-1915__
- The first World Series is held for baseball and is won by the Boston Red Sox - San Francisco Earthquake in 1906 - The Titanic sinks in 1912

__1915-1950__
- In 1918 the Boston Red Sox win what will be their only World Series Title for 86 years - Both WWI and WWII take place - The "Great Depression" takes place in 1929

Stages of the Atom
== The solid sphere atom models an atom is little more than a singular, solid, indivisble particle without other parts. Early 1800's

The plum-pudding model shows a large, spherical, and positive atom that contains numerous smaller negative spheres, or a single proton engulfs many electrons. Late 1800's.

== The electron cloud model displays a thick cloud of negative energy surrounding a positive nucleus. Early 1900's.

== The planetary model of the atom puts the nucleus at the center with electrons on seperate paths and flows orbiting the nucleus. Mid 1900's.

==

The Rutherford model displays a positive charge of an atom that is contained in the boudaries of a tiny nucleus, while the negative charges of the electrons travel around the nucleus. Early 1900's.

Sources:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3936026____

[[http://www.nndb.com/people/278/000049131/|http://www.nndb.com/people/278/000049131/

]][|http://nobelprize.org/]