Atomic+2008+Murray



Atomic Timeline

Let's start out with a quick overview of the beginning of the Atom. media type="youtube" key="ZnKqiojoFJU" height="344" width="436"

Thales of Miletus 620 BC-546 BC Empedocles 490 BC-430 BC Democritus 460 BC - 370 BC Aristotle 384 BC – 322 BC Roger Bacon 1214–1240 Sir Isaac Newton 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 Robert Boyle John Dalton (1766–1844) Joseph Black Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday 22 September 1791-1867 Julius Plucker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) James Clerk Maxwell 13 June 1831- 5 November 1879 Crookes, Sir William 1832-1919 Jean Perrin JJ Thompson Marie Curie 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934 W.K. Roentgen 1845-1923 Robert Millikan March 1868-December 1953 Niels Bohr October 7, 1885-November 18, 1962 James Chadwick 20th October, 1891- July 24, 1974 Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976
 * Ancient Times (450 AD and years prior)**
 * 450-1700**
 * 1700-1800**
 * 1800-1875**
 * 1875-1900**
 * 1900-1915**
 * 1915-1950**

Thales of Miletus

Born 620 BC Died 546 BC Greek Ionia

There is no written work that still exists from Thales. However, he is believed to have influenced Aristotle, Diogenes mentions a poet, Choerilus, who declared that was the first to maintain the immortality of the soul' Aristotle's words 'from what is recorded about, indicate that Aristotle was working from a written source. Diogenes recorded that '[Thales] seems by some accounts to have been the first to study astronomy, the first to predict eclipses of the sun and to fix the solstices; so Eudemus in his History of Astronomy. It was this which gained for him the admiration of Xenophanes and Herodotus and the notice of Heraclitus and Democritus. Eudemus who wrote a History of Astronomy, and also on geometry and theology, must be considered as a possible source for the hypotheses of Thales. The information provided by Diogenes is the sort of material which he would have included in his History of Astronomy, and it is possible that the titles On the Solstice, and On the Equinox were available to Eudemus. Xenophanes, Herodotus, Heraclitus and Democritus were familiar with the work of Thales, and may have had a work by Thales available to them.

 Empedocles

Born 490 BC Died 430 BC Sicily

  Very little is known about this man's life aside from he was born into a distinguished family in Sicily. It was Empedocles who established four ultimate elements which make all the structures in the world- fire, air, water, earth.  Empedocles called these four elements "roots", which, in typical fashion, he also identified with the mythical names <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 51, 163);">of Zeus, Hera, Nestis, and Aidoneus. Empedocles never used the term "element", which seems to have been first used <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 51, 163);">by Plato. According to the different proportions in which these four indestructible and unchangeable elements are combined <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 51, 163);"> with each other the difference of the structure is produced. It is in the aggregation and segregation of elements thus arising, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 51, 163);"> that Empedocles, like the atomists, found the real process which corresponds to what is popularly termed growth, increase <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 51, 163);"> or decrease. Nothing new comes or can come into being; the only change that can occur is a change in the juxtaposition <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 51, 163);"> of element with element. This theory of the four elements became the standard dogma for the next two thousand years.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 51, 163);">

<span style="display: block; font-size: 250%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 0, 164); text-align: center;">Democritus <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 74, 255); text-align: center; display: block;">Born 460 BC Died 370 BC Thrace



<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 3, 255); text-align: center; display: block;">Democritus agreed that everything which is must be eternal, but denied that "the void" can be equated with nothing. This makes him the first thinker on record to argue the existence of an entirely empty "void". In order to explain the change around us from basic, unchangeable substance he created a theory that argued that there are various basic elements which always existed but can be rearranged into many different forms. Democritus' theory argued that atoms only had several properties, particularly size, shape, and (perhaps) weight; all other properties that we attribute to matter, such as color and taste, are but the result of complex interactions between the atoms in our bodies and the atoms of the matter that we are examining. Furthermore, he believed that the real properties of atoms determine the perceived properties of matter--for example, something that is solid is made of small, pointy atoms, while something that has water like properties is made of large, round atoms. Some types of matter are particularly solid because their atoms have hooks to attach to each other; some are oily because they are made of very fine, small atoms which can easily slip past each other. In Democritus' own words: <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 3, 255); text-align: center; display: block;">//By convention there is sweet, by convention there is bitterness, by convention hot and cold, by convention color; but in reality there are only atoms and the void.// <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 3, 255); text-align: center; display: block;">Aristotle tells us that this theory of matter, commonly called atomism, was a reaction to Parmenides, who denied the existence of motion, change, or the void. Parmenides argued that the existence of a thing implied that it could not have "come into being", because "nothing comes from nothing." Moreover, he argued, movement was impossible, because one must move into "the void" and (as he identified "the void" with "nothing") the void does not exist and cannot be "moved into". His main contribution to chemistry was the suggestion of the atom which he called "atomos".

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 64, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 164);"> Aristotle

Born 384 BC Died 322 BC Chalcidice



<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">For Aristotle, the form is not something outside the object, but rather <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;"> the varied phenomena of sense. Real substance, or true being, is not the abstract form, but rather the <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;"> individual thing. Unfortunately, Aristotle's theory of substance is not altogether consistent with itself. In the <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;"> the notion of substance tends to be nominalistic (i.e., substance is a concept we apply to things). In the <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">, though, it frequently inclines towards realism (i.e., substance has a real existence in itself). We are also struck by the apparent contradiction in his claims that science deals with universal concepts, and substance is declared to be an individual. In any case, substance is for him a merging of matter into form. The term "matter" is used by Aristotle in four overlapping senses. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">, it is the underlying structure of changes, particularly changes of growth and of decay. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">, it is the potential which has implicitly the capacity to develop into reality. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">, it is a kind of stuff without specific qualities and so is indeterminate and contingents. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">it is identical with form when it takes on a form in its actualized and final phase. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">The development of potentiality to actuality is one of the most important aspects of Aristotle's philosophy. It was intended to solve the difficulties which earlier thinkers had raised with reference to the beginning of existence and the relations of the one and many. The actual vs. potential state of things is explained in terms of the causes which act on things. There are four causes: <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">1. Material cause, or the elements out of which an object is created 2. Efficient cause, or the means by which it is created 3. Formal cause, or the expression of what it is 4. Final cause, or the expression of what it is <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;">Take, for example, a bronze statue. Its material cause is the bronze itself. Its efficient cause is the sculptor, insofar has he forces the bronze into shape. The formal cause is the idea of the completed statue. The final cause is the idea of the statue as it prompts. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(21, 57, 213); text-align: center; display: block;"> the sculptor to act on the bronze. The final cause tends to be the same as the formal cause, and both of these can be subsumed by the efficient cause. Of the four, it is the formal and final which is the most important, and which most truly gives the explanation of an object. The final end (purpose, or teleology) of a thing is realized in the full perfection of the object itself, not in our conception of it. Final cause is thus internal to the nature of the object itself, and not something we subjectively impose on it.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 114, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(255, 0, 198);">Roger Bacon

Roger Bacon was a brilliant man who went to school and graduated with his Doctorate. Soon after graduating he started to teach in Paris, the then intellectual capital of the world. After several years of lecturing, mainly on Aristotle, he disappeared for years. When he finally came back into view he was a Friar. This didn't allow him to teach, however, it did allow him to write books and pamphlets about his lectures. When the law prevented him from writing, he got a special mandate from the Pope that said he needed to write and get this knowledge out. He was an important part in history by doing preliminary research on glasses, flying machines, microscopes and telescopes.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(255, 0, 221);">Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most influential men in human history. Not only that, but he was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and a theologian. This man had more studies done than many men have ever done. He disproved theories, revised good theories, and made up many of his own. He is still very well known and studied. His __Philosopiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica__, which was published in 1687 is considered to be the most influential book in the history of science. In this work Newton described universial gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying groundwork for classical mechanics. which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe forthe next three centuries and is the basis for modern engineering. Newton showed that the motion of objections on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Keplet's laws of planetary motion and his ltheory of gravvitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the scientific revolution. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 114, 255); text-align: center;">

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(255, 0, 239);">Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle was an Irish theologian, natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist, noted for his work in physics and chemistry. He is best known for the formulation of Boyle's law. Although his research and personal philosophy clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, he is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(255, 107, 241);">John Dalton <span style="color: rgb(85, 176, 252);"> <span style="color: rgb(60, 117, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(85, 176, 252);">He proceeded to calculate atomic weights from percentage compositions of compounds, using an arbitrary system to determine the likely atomic structure of each compound. If there are two elements that can combine, their combinations will occur in a set sequence. The first compound will have one atom of A and one of B; the next, one atom of A and two atoms of B; the next, two atoms of A and one of B; and so on. Hence, water is HO. Dalton also came to believe that the particles in different gases had different volumes and surrounds of caloric, thus explaining why a mixture of gases—as in the atmosphere—would not simply layer out but was kept in constant motion. Dalton consolidated his theories in his //New System of Chemical Philosophy// (1808–1827). <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 114, 255); text-align: center;">

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(251, 0, 255);">Joseph Black Joseph Black was a Scottish physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was a founder of thermochemistry who developed many pre-thermodynamics concepts, such as heat capacity, and was the mentor for James Watt. One of his experiments involved placing a flame and mice into the carbon dioxide. Because both entities died, Black concluded that the air was not breathable. He named it 'fixed air' in 1754. In 1756 Black described how carbonates become more alkaline when they lose carbon dioxide, whereas the taking-up of carbon dioxide reconverts them. He was the first person to isolate carbon dioxide in a perfectly pure state. This was an important step in the history of chemistry as it helped people to realize that air was not an element, but rather was composed of many different things. Black's work also aided in discrediting the belief in a fiery principle called phlogiston.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(245, 25, 234);">Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Lavoisier is considered the father of modern chemistry, was a French noble prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology. He stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass, recognized and named oxygen and hydrogen, abolished the phlogiston theory, introduced the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. The concept of the finite nature of matter was first introduced by Antoine Lavoisier during the 18th century. He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same. Thus, for instance, if water is heated to steam, if salt is dissolved in water or if a piece of wood is burned to ashes, the total mass remains unchanged. The principles of this discovery were elaborated centuries before by Islamic Persia's great scholar, Abu Rayhan Biruni. Lavoisier was a disciple of the Muslim chemists and physicists and referred to their books frequently.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(255, 0, 236);">Michael Faraday Michael Faraday was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. Faraday studied the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a DC electric current, and established the basis for the magnetic field concept in physics. He discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and laws of electrolysis. He established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology. As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(255, 0, 224);">Julius Plucker



Julius Plucker was a German mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions to the field of analytical geometry and was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé curves.In 1847 Plücker was made professor of physics at Bonn. In 1858 he published the first of his classical researches on the action of the magnet on the electric discharge in rarefied gases. He found that the discharge caused a fluorescent glow to form on the glass walls of the vacuum tube, and that the glow could be made to shift by applying an electromagnet to the tube, thus creating a magnetic field. It was later shown that the glow was produced by cathode rays.Plücker, first by himself and afterwards in conjunction with Johann Hittorf, made many important discoveries in the spectroscopy of gases. He was the first to use the vacuum tube with the capillary part now called a Geissler's tube, by means of which the luminous intensity of feeble electric discharges was raised sufficiently to allow of spectroscopic investigation.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(232, 0, 255);">James Clark Maxwell



James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. His most significant achievement was the development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory.[1] His set of equations—Maxwell's equations—demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. From that moment on, all other classical laws or equations of these disciplines became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work in electromagnetism has been called the "second great unification in physics",[2] after the first one carried out by Isaac Newton.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(239, 6, 227);">Sir William Crookes

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 114, 255); text-align: center;">His theoretical speculations, imaginative and stimulating as they may have been, were of less permanent importance. He was always more effective in experiment than in interpretation. His first great discovery was that of the element thallium, announced in 1861. By this work his reputation became firmly established, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1863. The method of spectrum analysis, introduced by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, was received by Crookes with great enthusiasm, and, on applying it to the examination of the seleniferous deposit from a sulphuric acid factory, he discovered an unknown green line in the spectrum. The isolation of the new metallic element, thallium, followed, and the investigation of the properties of its compounds, which are of great chemical interest. Finally, in 1873, he determined the atomic weight of the new element in a research which is still a model of analytical precision. Two main lines of research now occupied the attention of Crookes for many years. These were the properties of highly rarefied gases, with which he began to occupy himself immediately, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths", upon which he embarked shortly after 1880. His attention had been attracted to the first problem in using a vacuum balance in the course of the thallium researches. He soon discovered the phenomenon upon which depends the action of the well-known little instrument, the Crookes radiometer, in which a system of vanes, each blackened on one side and polished on the other, is set in rotation when exposed to radiant energy. He did not, however, provide the true explanation of this apparent "attraction and repulsion resulting from radiation". Of more fundamental importance were his researches on the passage of the electrical discharge through rarefied gases. He found that as the attenuation of the gas was made greater the dark space round the negative electrode extended, while rays, now known as cathode rays, proceed from the electrode. He investigated the properties of the rays, showing that they travel in straight lines, cause phosphorescence in objects upon which they impinge, and by their impact produce great heat. He believed that he had discovered a fourth state of matter, which he called "radiant matter". But his theoretical views on the nature of "radiant matter" proved to be mistaken. He believed the rays to consist of streams of particles of ordinary molecular magnitude. It remained for (Sir) J. J. Thomson to discover their subatomic nature, and to prove that cathode rays consist of streams of negative electrons, that is, of negatively electrified particles whose mass is only 1/1,800 that of the atom of hydrogen.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(255, 0, 247);">Jean Perrin



In 1895, Jean Perrin showed that cathode rays were made of corpuscles with negative electric charge. He computed Avogadro's number through several methods. He explained solar energy by the thermonuclear reactions of hydrogen.After Albert Einstein published his theoretical explanation of Brownian motion in terms of atoms, Perrin did the experimental work to test Einstein's predictions, thereby settling the century-long dispute about John Dalton's atomic theory.Jean Perrin received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926 for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium. Perrin was the author of a number of books and dissertations. Most notable of his publications were: "Rayons cathodiques et rayons X" ; "Les Principes"; "Electrisation de contact"; "Réalité moléculaire"; "Matière et Lumière"; "Lumière et Reaction chimique".

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(248, 15, 250);">JJ Thompson



JJ Thompson was a British physicist and Nobel laureate, credited for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.

<span style="font-size: 250%; color: rgb(255, 0, 224);">Marie Curie

Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist of Polish upbringing and, subsequently, French citizenship. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, the only person honored with Nobel Prizes in two different sciences, and the first female professor at the University of Paris.

--Small, sphereical, solid, indivisible model --Electron cloud model --Plum Pudding model --Rutherford-Bohr model --Planetary model

This is Dalton's first model of an atom. It is a dense ball of matter that is solid. He believed that everything had just one weight, and it was the combined weight of everything that made up an atom.



Electron cloud is a term used, if not originally coined, by the Nobel Prize laureate and acclaimed educator Richard Feynman in The Feynman Lectures on Physics (Feynman2006 Vol 1 lect 6 pg 11) for discussing "exactly what is an electron?". This intuitive model provides a simplified way of visualizing an electron as a solution of the Schrödinger equation, an advancement using the scientific method to surprising observations that could only be explained by introducing randomness. It is also often referred to as an orbital, because the two terms similarly conceptualize the space where an electron is likely to be found but cannot be actually pinpointed. In the electron cloud analogy, the probability density of an electron, or wavefunction, is described as a small cloud moving around the atomic or molecular nucleus, with the opacity of the cloud proportional to the probability density.

media type="youtube" key="vUzTQWn-wfE" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; color: rgb(0, 230, 117);">And we can end just as we started, with a video about Atoms.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 0, 162);">Pages Used For Research: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUzTQWn-wfE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnKqiojoFJU&feature=related http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/lanthact/biogs/crookes.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles http://www.iep.utm.edu/t/thales.htm http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_spring2005.web.dir/ashley_anderson/Atomic_Timeline.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html http://www.aip.org/history/curie/brief/index.html http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bpheis.html http://www.akisrx.com/inglese/htm/roentgen.htm http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/AntoineHenriBecquerel.htm http://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html