Jette.+Years+1915-1950

= Years 1915-1950 =

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**James Chadwick was born on 20th October, 1891** in Cheshire, England-
Bio:
 * Chadwick was born in Cheshire, England and educated at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge.
 * In 1914 Chadwick went to study under Hans Geiger at the //Technische Hochschule// in Berlin (today the Technical University of Berlin). During the First World War Chadwick was interned in Germany as an enemy alien.
 * For his discoveries he was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and subsequently the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935.
 * From 1943 to 1946 he worked in the United States as Head of the British Mission attached to the Manhattan Project for the development of the atomic bomb.
 * Chadwick has had many papers published on the topic of radioactivity and connected problems and, with Lord Rutherford and C. D. Ellis, he is co-author of the book //Radiations from Radioactive substances// (1930).
 * He Coined the term Neutron.

Discoveries:
 * In 1932 Chadwick made a fundamental discovery in the domain of nuclear science: he discovered the particle in the nucleus of an atom that became known as the neutron because it has no electric charge. In contrast with the helium nuclei (alpha particles) which are positively charged, and therefore repelled by the considerable electrical forces present in the nuclei of heavy atoms, this new tool in atomic disintegration need not overcome any electric barrier and is capable of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements.
 * Chadwick in this way prepared the way towards the fission of uranium 235 and towards the creation of the atomic bomb.
 * Later, he found out that a German scientist had discovered the neutron at the same time. But Hans Falkenhagen (Rostock) was afraid of publishing his results. When Chadwick learned of Falkenhagen's discovery, he offered to share the Nobel Prize with him. Falkenhagen was modest and refused this honor.

= Werner Heisenberg c. 1901-1976 =

But we cannot speak about atoms in ordinary language."
Bio:
 * Werner Heisenberg** 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976
 * Heisenberg was born in Würzburg, Germany.
 * He studied physics and mathematics from 1920 to 1923 at the //Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München// and the //Georg-August-Universität Göttingen//. At Munich, he studied under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien. At Göttingen, he studied physics with Max Born and James Franck, and he studied mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923, at Munich under Sommerfeld.
 * From 17 September 1924 to 1 May 1925, under an International Education Board Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, Heisenberg went to do research with Niels Bohr, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen
 * After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Heisenberg was attacked in the press as a "White Jew" by elements of the //deutsche Physik// (German Physics) movement for his insistence on teaching about the roles of Jewish scientists. As a result, he came under investigation by the SS . This was over an attempt to appoint Heisenberg as successor to Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich. The issue was resolved in 1938 by Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS. While Heisenberg was not chosen as Sommerfeld's successor, he was rehabilitated to the physics community during the Third Reich.
 * On 29 June 1936, a National Socialist Party newspaper published a column attacking Heisenberg. On 15 July 1937, he was attacked in a journal of the SS. This was the beginning of what is called the Heisenberg Affair.
 * From 1957 onwards Heisenberg was interested in work on problems of plasma physics and thermonuclear processes, and also much work in close collaboration with the International Institute of Atomic Physics at Geneva. He was for several years Chairman of the Scientific Policy Committee of this Institute and subsequently remained a member of this Committee.

Discoveries:
 * In mid-1936, Heisenberg presented his theory of cosmic-ray showers in two papers. Four more papers appeared in the next two years.
 * Heisenberg's name will always be associated with his theory of quantum mechanics, published in 1925, when he was only 23 years old. For this theory and the applications of it which resulted especially in the discovery of allotropic forms of hydrogen, Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932.
 * His new theory was based only on what can be observed, that is to say, on the radiation emitted by the atom.
 * Later Heisenberg stated his famous //principle of uncertainty//, which lays it down that the determination of the position and momentum of a mobile particle necessarily contains errors the product of which cannot be less than the quantum constant //h// and that, although these errors are negligible on the human scale, they cannot be ignored in studies of the atom.
 * The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932

= Erwin Schrodinger =

"I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it."
Bio: Discoveries:
 * Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger** 12 August 1887– 4 January 1961
 * In 1887 Schrödinger was born in Vienna, Austria to Rudolf Schrödinger (cerecloth producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda (daughter of Alexander Bauer, Professor of Chemistry, k.u.k. Technische Hochschule Vienna).
 * Between 1906 and 1910 Schrödinger studied in Vienna under Franz Serafin Exner (1849–1926) and Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1874–1915). He also conducted experimental work with Karl Wilhelm Friedrich ("Fritz") Kohlrausch (1884–1953). In 1911 Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner.
 * As a result of his extensive reading of Schopenhauer's works, he became deeply interested throughout his life in color theory, philosophy, perception, and eastern religion, especially Hindu Vedanta.
 * Between 1914 and 1918 he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery.
 * In 1927, he succeeded Max Planck at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In 1933, however, Schrödinger decided to leave Germany; he disliked the Nazis' anti-semitism . He became a Fellow of Magdalen College at the University of Oxford.
 * Soon after he arrived, he received the Nobel Prize together with Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. His position at Oxford did not work out; his unconventional personal life (Schrödinger lived with two women) was not met with acceptance.
 * In 1934, Schrödinger lectured at Princeton University; he was offered a permanent position there, but did not accept it. Again, his wish to set up house with his wife and his mistress may have posed a problem.
 * He had the prospect of a position at the University of Edinburgh but visa delays occurred, and in the end he took up a position at the University of Graz in Austria in 1936.
 * Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger was an Austrian theoretical physicist who was one of the fathers of quantum mechanics, and is famed for a number of important contributions to physics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.
 * In January 1926, Schrödinger published in //Annalen der Physik// the paper "//Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem//" [//tr//. Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem] on wave mechanics and what is now known as the Schrödinger equation.
 * This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century, and created a revolution in quantum mechanics, and indeed of all physics and chemistry.
 * A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved the quantum harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor and the diatomic molecule, and gives a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation.
 * A third paper in May showed the equivalence of his approach to that of Heisenberg and gave the treatment of the Stark effect.
 * A fourth paper in this most remarkable series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in scattering problems.
 * These papers were the central achievement of his career and were at once recognized as having great significance by the physics community.
 * In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment.

Work Cited For This Page http://www.fact-archive.com/encyclopedia/James_Chadwick http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger
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