422-004+S.+Williamson+&amp;+M.+Palterman+Big+Timeline+Project!

media type="youtube" key="yX2T4k-WySA" width="425" height="350" __//**History of the Atom**//__

__**Democritus** **470-370** **B.C**__ . Democritus was a Greek philosopher who lived in Abdera, Thrace, a northern territory in Greece. He is with out a doubt the smartest and the best presocratic philosoper. he is known best for his atomic theory although almost all his work is gone and there is not much information on his ideas and all his theories but some information was salvaged. He created approximately 73 works or papers and about 50 books and none of these books exist today and only a small amount of his works. But we do know that Democritus believed that everything is made up of atoms, even the soul, and all of these atoms exist in an area in which motion occurs, which is called the void. He also stated and believed that the origin of the universe came about through atoms moving randomly and colliding to form larger bodies and worlds. He states that space is infinite and the atoms are infinite and that it has always existed.

Aristotle was born in 384 BCE. at Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. He joined the Academy and studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. At the death of Plato in 347, Aristotle gained the skills he needed to become the leader of the acadamy, but he realized that he still had much to learn and did not become the leader. Aristotle thougt alexander the great. He established his own school at the Lyceum, where he would teach his students physics, biology, psychology, and politics. A charge of impiety was trumped up against him, to escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) "The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the person of Socrates." In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322 BCE.
 * Aristotle** __**384-322** **B.C**. Greek__

__**John Dalton**__ **1766-1844** English John Dalton (1766–1844) was born into a modest Quaker family in Cumberland, England, and earned his living for most of his life as a teacher and public lecturer, beginning in his village school at the age of 12. After teaching for 10 years at a Quaker boarding school in Kendal, he moved on to a teaching position in the burgeoning city of Manchester. There he joined the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, which provided him with a stimulating intellectual environment and laboratory facilities. The first paper he delivered before the society was on color blindness, which afflicted him and is sometimes still called "Daltonism." He kept daily weather records from 1787 until his death, his first book was Meteorological Observations (1793), and he read a series of papers on meteorological topics before the Literary and Philosophical Society between 1799 and 1801. __**Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen**__ **1845-1923** German Rontgen's first work was published in 1870, dealing with the specific heats of gases, followed a few years later by a paper on the thermal conductivity of crystals. Among other problems he studied were the electrical and other characteristics of quartz; the influence of pressure on the refractive indices of various fluids; the modification of the planes of polarised light by electromagnetic influences; the variations in the functions of the temperature and the compressibility of water and other fluids; the phenomena accompanying the spreading of oil drops on water. Rontgen's name, however, is chiefly associated with his discovery of the rays that he called X-rays.

__**Henri Becquerel**__ **1852-1908** French

Antoine Henri Becquerel was born in Paris on December 15, 1852, a member of a distinguished family of scholars and scientists.Becquerel's earliest work was concerned with the plane polarization of light, with the phenomenon of phosphorescence and with the absorption of light by crystals He also worked on the subject of terrestrial magnetism. In 1896, his previous work was overshadowed by his discovery of the phenomenon of natural radioactivity. Following a discussion with Henri Poincare on the radiation which had recently been discovered by X-ray and which was accompanied by a type of phosphorescence in the vacuum tube, Becquerel decided to investigate whether there was any connection between X-rays and naturally occurring phosphorescenice. He had inherited from his father a supply of uranium salts, which phosphoresce on exposure to light. When the salts were placed near to a photographic plate covered with opaque paper, the plate was discovered to be fogged. The phenomenon was found to be common to all the uranium salts studied and was concluded to be a property of the uranium atom. Later, Becquerel showed that the rays emitted by uranium, which for a long time were named after their discoverer, caused gases to ionize and that they differed from X-rays in that they could be deflected by electric or magnetic fields. For his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Becquerel was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, the other half being given to Pierre and Marie Curie for their study of the Becquerel radiation.

__**J. J. Thompson**__ **1856-1940** English

Joseph John Thomson was born in Cheetham Hill, a suburb of Manchester on December 18, 1856. published. In 1896, Thomson visited America to give a course of four lectures, which summarised his current researches, at Princeton. These lectures were subsequently published as Discharge of Electricity through Gases (1897). On his return from America, he achieved the most brilliant work of his life - an original study of cathode rays culminating in the discovery of the electron, which was announced during the course of his evening lecture to the Royal Institution on Friday, April 30, 1897. His book, Conduction of Electricity through Gases//,// published in 1903 was described by Lord Rayleigh as a review of "Thomson's great days at the Cavendish Laboratory". A later edition, written in collaboration with his son, George, appeared in two volumes (1928 and 1933).

__**Marie Curie**__ **1867-1934** Polish Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867, the daughter of a secondary-school teacher. She received a general education in local schools and some scientific training from her dad. Her early researches together with her husband were often performed under bad conditions. The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 inspired the Curies in their brilliant researches and analyses which led to the isolation of polonium, named after the country of Marie's birth, and radium. Curie developed methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues. Curie throughout her life actively promoted the use of radium to alleviate suffering and during World War I. She retained her enthusiasm for science throughout her life and did much to establish a radioactivity laboratory in her native city - in 1929 President Hoover of the United States presented her with a gift of $ 50,000, donated by American friends of science, to purchase radium for use in the laboratory in Warsaw.

__**Robert Millikan**__ **1868-1953** American Robert Andrews Millikan was born on the 22nd of March, 1868, in Morrison, Ill. In 1893, he recived his masters in physics, he was appointed Fellow in Physics at Columbia University. He later received his Ph.D. in 1895. He did alot of research on the polarization of light emitted by incandescent surfaces - using for this purpose molten gold and silver at the U.S. Mint. Millikan was an eminent teacher, and passing through the customary grades he became professor at that university in 1910, a post which he retained till 1921. During his early years at Chicago he spent much time preparing textbooks and simplifying the teaching of physics. He was author or co-author of the following books: A College Course in Physics (1898), Mechanics, Molecular Physics, and Heat (1902), The Theory of Optics, translated from German (1903), A First Course in Physics (1906), A Laboratory Course in Physics for Secondary Schools (1907), Electricity, Sound, and Light. Practical Physics, and The ElectronAs a scientist, Millikan made many discoveries, mainly in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. His earliest major success was the accurate determination of the charge carried by an electron. He has been the recipient of the Comstock Prize of the National Academy of Sciences, of the Edison Medal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, of the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society of Great Britain, and of the Nobel Prize for Physics 1923. He was also made Commander of the Legion of Honour, and received the Chinese Order of Jade.

__**Ernest Rutherford**__ **1871-1937** Dutch Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand, the fourth child and second son in a family of seven sons and five daughters. Rutherford's first researches in New Zealand delt with the magnetic properties of iron exposed to high-frequency oscillations, and his thesis was called "Magnetization of Iron by High-Frequency Discharges". He was one of the first to design highly original experiments with high-frequency, alternating currents. His second paper, Magnetic Viscosity//,// was published in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute in 1896 and contains a description of a time-apparatus capable of measuring time intervals of a hundred-thousandth of a second.In 1898 he reported the existence of alpha and beta rays in uranium radiation and indicated some of their properties.

__**Niehls Bohr**__ **1885-1962** Danish Niehls Bohr is best known for the investigations of atomic structure and also for work on radiation, which won him the 1922 Nobel Prize for physics.

__**James Chadwick**__ **1891-1974** English In 1932, Chadwick made a key discovery in the field of nuclear science. He proved the existence of nuetrons, particles devoid of any electrical charge.This new tool is capable of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements.Chadwick in this way prepared the way towards the creation of the atomic bomb.For this huge discovery he was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and then later the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935.

__**Werner Heisenberg**__ **1901-1976** German Werner developed the first Quantum Mechanics which was a method of figuring the behavior of electrons and other particles. He founded this version in 1925.