Peterson.Rose.spring.wiki.2011

NUCLEAR FISSION ======== ========

1. Problem at hand.
====In today’s world there is constant controversy about the problems with global warming and a dwindling amount of fossils fuels that will most likely diminish in the next thirty years. It is said that due to the burning of fossil fuels it is ruining our atmosphere from all of the pollution. The burning of fossil fuels put CO2 emissions into the air. ====

2. What is the driving force of the problem?
====The driving force of this problem is because of the environment and sustainability. The problem with burning all of the fossil fuels is that they are dirty releasing CO2 into the air. The amounts going into the air are eating away at the depleting ozone layer. Also in general, the amounts of fossil fuels available are decreasing and there will not be any left for new generations to come. ====

3.What are people currently doing or not doing to solve the problem?
====The depleting ozone and inefficiency of the burning of fossil fuels has lead to much new research. For years and years people have been thinking up new ways that would be able to sustain the power to produce the amount of energy the world needs in the most cost and health effective ways. ====

__Nuclear Fusion__- This is the process where at least two atoms join together and form one atom. These atoms can create a ton of energy.
__Solar Power__- This is a process in which the sunlight is stored in solar panels such as "silicon photovoltaic cells" which turns the heat into energy and is then used as power. __Wind Power__- Works off of a windmill, as the wind blows it spins the blades of the windmill. As that happens the blades spin a turbing that then produces clean enerygy.

__Hydropower__- Is the power created from flowing water producing the energy. Things such as watermills and dams that create the power.

__Corn Ethanol__- This is ﻿ made out of corn kernals and can be used for gasoline.

__Celulosic Ethanol__- This is fuels that are made from feedstock. Then the celulose needs to be

broken down.

__Biodiesel from Rapeseed Oil__- this is a conversion of biodiesel used for fuel. When a catalyst is

added to the alcohol then is added to the vegtable oil.

__Algae Fuel__- This is a natural biofuel made from the algae. The oil is extracted from the algae

a nd then is processed into biodiesel.

Biodiesel from Vegtable oil- This is a diesel fuel that is made out of vegtable oil. It can be used in diesel engines just the way it is.

__Fuel Cell__- Is a fuel that could be made from hydrogen atoms reacting with oxygen. This interaction forms water. This is when it produces electricity for

power.

__Hydrogen Fuel__- This is a process in which oxygen and hydrogen pass over the electrodes and reacts to form ions and electrons.

=4. NUCLEAR FISSION =

• 235 92 U + 1 0 n à 142 56 Ba + 91 36 Kr + 3 1 0 n + energy

==== The way electricity is produced efficiently in a nuclear power plant is by changing potential energy into electrical energy. This process has many steps. It starts with uranium pellets being placed into the core of the reactor. The pellets of uranium are where the potential energy is stored. Control rods inside of a reactor initiate a reaction. Uranium pellets are split which causes fission. The fission reaction produces a tremendous amount of heat. The fission reaction changes the potential energy of the uranium into thermal energy. Water surrounding the reactor is considered “heavy water” because it has a higher than normal amount of hydrogen. The heavy water is heated and is moved to heat exchangers. These heat exchangers are called steam generators. The steam generators can also be referred to as a type of shell and tube heat exchanger. The heated heavy water flows through a system of tubes in the steam generator. Normal water flowing outside the tubes is heated by conduction. After heating the water, the heavy water inside the tubes is re-circulated back to the reactor. ====  The water heated by the tubes is changed into steam which is sent to a series of turbines. The steam is pushed through the turbine which causes the blades of the turbine to rotate. The steam then travels through another shell and tube heat exchanger. Cool water flowing through tubes comes in contact with the steam. This process condenses the steam back into water. The water is then re-circulated and used again. Radioactive materials from the fission process are kept inside the water cycling through the reactor. When the steam comes in contact with the turbine it produces mechanical energy. This energy is used to turn a shaft which is connected to a rotor generator. Inside the generator is a large electromagnet which turns and produces an electric field. As the field flows across a series of copper wires the mechanical energy of the turbine is converted into electrical energy. The electrical energy that is produced is what is sent to homes and used as power.

====6. ====

One great trait of nuclear fission is the idea of clean
==== emission without putting CO2 is shown by the picture.You can see that the only emission given off into the air is steam from cooling towers. Nuclear power plants are more efficient and cleaner than those using coal and petroleum, which are the leading fuel sources for power plants. Now saying that Nuclear fission does not emit any Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere is true, it can not go without being said that there is still some pollution that Nuclear Energy creates. First off, as you know the process of Nuclear fission requires the use of Uranium. But, where does this uranium come from? The uranium is mined they emit a large amount ====

= =

8.) Best Aspects

 * ====Nuclear energy is currently the cheapest form of energy. Its output of cents per kilowatt-hour is just bout 1 ¼ of coal energy, and a whopping 1/5 the amount of natural gas energy. ====
 * ====The efficiently of the fuel source is much greater than anything else. Although it is not renewable, it make a much more significant amount of energy compared to the other three leading sources of energy (coal and natural gas and oil). 1 pellet of uranium compares to around 150 gallons of oil, 1780 pounds of coal, and about 17,000 m^3 of natural gas.[| s] ====
 * ====Pollution for obvious reasons is a huge factor when we talk about energy. The major three fuel sources for energy in this country, which are coal, gas and oil, emit things such as Carbon dioxide, acid into the clouds, and which most people fail to realize, radiation. That’s right radiation! When coal plants burn, they release radiation into the atmosphere. In fact, they release more radiation into the atmosphere than a nuclear power plant. With that being said, nuclear power plant also CO2 into the atmosphere, but by a significant fraction of the amount than other coal and gas powered power plants do. Source: s ====

9. Critics view point
> ========
 * ====The disposal of the byproduct from the nuclear reaction is one major issue that nuclear energy poses. When the uranium -235 goes through the fission process, it produces a waste that we cannot get rid of; at least for thousands of years. Right now there are pretty much two ways to get rid of the waste produce. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">One way is to store the waste in underground composites behind thick wall of which are constructed with lead, steal, and concrete. This as one could only imagine poses many problems. One, people do not want radioactive material near them even if it is in a secluded area and the container is very safe. No state would want radioactive material just sitting beneath their feet if something should happen to the container and it leaks out. Adding to that, these dump grounds for the waste product eventually get full, and we would just continue to keep filling these after many years. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Another way that has been explored is reprocessing he waste. This process involves taking out uranium, and plutonium. The apparent problem with this though is that this creates weapons grade plutonium, which terrorists would love to get their hands on. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">A second problem that thankfully America has not yet encountered, is a plant meltdown. This perhaps is the biggest issue that people have with nuclear power plants. There have been many circumstances in history where a plant melts down causing catastrophic damage (see chart below). The effects of nuclear radiation last for generations. Radiation causes genetic mutation passed down to children, so on and so forth. Also, it causes cancer, radiation sickness, and death, all of which are reactions from varying levels of radiation exposure. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The last major downside to nuclear energy is the target nuclear power plants would be to terrorists. It is clear since 9-11 that the American People have an issue with national security. One could only imagine the effects if they were to destroy nuclear power plants in America. It would be awful. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">As a caution of his, the current 100 or so power plants in America have to be guarded more heavily to prevent destruction of power plants. This in turn, will obviously cost more money resulting in another downside of nuclear energy. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">One final downside of nuclear energy would be the fact that natural disasters would destroy plants causing major radiation leaks. ====

====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> This is a <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 1.06em;"> reality as of late. Recently in Japan the exact thing happened. 5 or so ==== ====<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 1.06em;">plants were damaged due to a natural disaster, which cannot be avoided. This is another obvious reason for which nuclear power plants are bad. This however can be argued because plants could be strategically located where they would be safe from damaging natural disasters. ====



**7** -Major accident **6** -Serious accident **5** -Accident with wider consequences **4** -Accident with local consequences **3** -Serious incident **2** -Incident **1**-Anomaly
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Year ** ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Incident ** ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">INES level ** ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Country ** ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">IAEA description ** ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2011 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Fukushima ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff6600; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">5 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Japan ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Reactor shutdown after the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami; failure of emergency cooling caused an explosion ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2011 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Onagawa ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Japan ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Reactor shutdown after the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami caused a fire ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2006 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Fleurus ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">4 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Belgium ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Severe health effects for a worker at a commercial irradiation facility as a result of high doses of radiation ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2006 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Forsmark ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Sweden ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Degraded safety functions for common cause failure in the emergency power supply system at nuclear power plant ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2006 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Erwin ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">US ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Thirty-five litres of a highly enriched uranium solution leaked during transfer ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2005 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Sellafield ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">3 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">UK ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Release of large quantity of radioactive material, contained within the installation ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2005 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Atucha ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Argentina ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Overexposure of a worker at a power reactor exceeding the annual limit ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2005 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Braidwood ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">US ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Nuclear material leak ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2003 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Paks ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">3 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Hungary ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Partially spent fuel rods undergoing cleaning in a tank of heavy water ruptured and spilled fuel pellets ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1999 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Tokaimura ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">4 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Japan ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Fatal overexposures of workers following a criticality event at a nuclear facility ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1999 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Yanangio ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">3 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Peru ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Incident with radiography source resulting in severe radiation burns ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1999 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Ikitelli ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">3 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Turkey ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Loss of a highly radioactive Co-60 source ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1999 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Ishikawa ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Japan ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Control rod malfunction ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1993 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Tomsk ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">4 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Russia ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Pressure buildup led to an explosive mechanical failure ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1993 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Cadarache ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">France ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Spread of contamination to an area not expected by design ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1989 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Vandellos ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ffcc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">3 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Spain ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Near accident caused by fire resulting in loss of safety systems at the nuclear power station ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1989 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Greifswald ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Germany ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Excessive heating which damaged ten fuel rods ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1986 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #f20884; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Chernobyl ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #f20884; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">7 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Ukraine (USSR) ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Widespread health and environmental effects. External release of a significant fraction of reactor core inventory ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1986 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Hamm-Uentrop ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Germany ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Spherical fuel pebble became lodged in the pipe used to deliver fuel elements to the reactor ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1981 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Tsuraga ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #99cc00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">2 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Japan ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">More than 100 workers were exposed to doses of up to 155 millirem per day radiation ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1980 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Saint Laurent des Eaux ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">4 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">France ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Melting of one channel of fuel in the reactor with no release outside the site ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1979 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff6600; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Three Mile Island ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff6600; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">5 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">US ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Severe damage to the reactor core ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1977 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Jaslovské Bohunice ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">4 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Czechoslovakia ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Damaged fuel integrity, extensive corrosion damage of fuel cladding and release of radioactivity ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1969 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Lucens ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Switzerland ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Total loss of coolant led to a power excursion and explosion of experimental reactor ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1967 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Chapelcross ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">UK ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1966 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Monroe ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">US ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Sodium cooling system malfunction ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1964 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Charlestown ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">US ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Error by a worker at a United Nuclear Corporation fuel facility led to an accidental criticality ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1959 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Santa Susana Field Laboratory ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">US ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Partial core meltdown ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1958 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Chalk River ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Canada ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Due to inadequate cooling a damaged uranium fuel rod caught fire and was torn in two ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1958 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Vinča ||=  ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Yugoslavia ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">During a subcritical counting experiment a power buildup went undetected - six scientists received high doses ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1957 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #dd0806; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Kyshtym ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #dd0806; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">6 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Russia ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Significant release of radioactive material to the environment from explosion of a high activity waste tank. ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1957 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff6600; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Windscale Pile ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff6600; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">5 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">UK ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Release of radioactive material to the environment following a fire in a reactor core ||
 * = <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">1952 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff6600; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Chalk River ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff6600; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">5 ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Canada ||= <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">A reactor shutoff rod failure, combined with several operator errors, led to a major power excursion of more than double the reactor's rated output at AECL's NRX reactor ||

There are many types of alternative energy sources that are being researched and tested today.
==== Rather than depend on foreign countries for our source of fossil fuels, America has pushed to develop new and efficient ways to produce energy. “** T **** here are n ** ** ow over 440 commercial nuclear power reactors operating in 30 countries, with 376,000 MWe of total capacity. ** ** They provide about 14% of the world's electricity as continuous, reliable base-load power, and their efficiency is increasing. ** ** 56 countries operate a total of about 250 research reactors ** ==== ==== ** and a further 180 nuclear reactors power some 140 ships and submarines. **”(Nuclear Power Today, 2010) Since fuel is such a key part of our living, there is a strong push to develop these ideas. Switching to a new and more efficient fuel can take years and a large amount of work. ====

==== [|http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf01.html.] ====

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">14.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Creating energy through nuclear fission solves problems that the current methods of energy make. At the same time, it creates new ones too. As discussed earlier, nuclear fission cuts down a great deal on the emission of CO2 that is one of the main things scientists, economists, and the rest of the would like to see. ==== ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//The United States worked with other nations to take on the ozone threat; so, too, must we lead the international effort to reduce heat-trapping emissions that cause climate change.// **-Mario J. Molin** ==== ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The problem though is what do we do with the highly radioactive waste that comes from this process. This is similar to light bulbs in today’s modern age. Fluorescent light bulbs are relatively new. They use a fraction of the energy that filament light bulbs do, and so we are converting to fluorescent. However as stated previously, this solves one problem but creates another. When these new light bulbs are dropped and broken, they contain a toxic mercury substance that needs to be cleaned up by a hazardous material specialist. ==== ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many scientists for years have been nuclear plants producing energy. They have been fearful and actually still are that we don’t have anywhere to store the waste, that an explosion could not only harm the current generation but many following, and that plants could be a huge threat to national security. The question here is, what changed many peoples minds about nuclear power despite the potential and actually downfalls of it? The answer here is simple: The production of carbon dioxide. The world is producing carbon dioxide at a stifling rate, which depletes the ozone thus influencing the change of the earth’s temperature or, global warming. //The new energy economy is upon us, and the states are already playing a key role in the research, development, and deployment process that will simultaneously stimulate growth and achieve our climate goals.//   ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Daniel Kamme n **====

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">15.
====I<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">n our world as of right now we would have to say that after all of our research, that nuclear fission is the most efficient source of energy there is. This system is expensive to build so finding a way to get the cost down for building a nuclear power plant could be a possible way to make it spread on a larger scale with more plants evolving all over the place. The other way to make nuclear fission on a larger scale is to make bigger power plants and have much greater reactions causing a large increase in energy production. All in all for the time being Nuclear fission is a great power source on a large scale. ====

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Once we learned everything about nuclear fission we have come up with many aspects that need to be changed. One of the biggest aspects that needs to be changed is the amount radiation it gives off. If there was a way to drastically decrease the amount of radiation nuclear fission gives off it would be a much greater source. Also, the amount of highly radioactive waste it produces is a great problem. The waste product is extremely dangerous and can not just be put anywhere.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nuclear Cost vs. Other Energy Sources.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When one looks at the cost of Nuclear energy, it is cheaper than most other forms of energy. The other leading source which are gas and coal, cost much more than nuclear power. Nuclear power plants however are very costly to build. It cost billions and billions of dollars to build these things along with many years before completion (About 10 -12 years depending on the size and how many reactors). Yes this form of energy does take a lot to get in motion, but it is worth it in the end when looking at the cost portion of it. It is worth it because CO2 emissions are such a big deal, and nuclear energy uses hardly any. One may look at this and may think well what about another form of energy such as wind and solar? In a response to this, lets look at the comparison of a local energy proposal that has a direct impact on us. ==== ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Cape Wind Project is a proposed wind project that would put roughly 130 wind turbines of the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Yes, this would add power to the grid, but when comparing the cost and time of this project and how much energy it outputs vs. nuclear energy, it is astonishing how much more efficient nuclear energy would be. Cape wind produces roughly 175 megawatts of power while a nuclear power plant produces roughly 1000 mega watts of power. When looking at the numbers, the cost of the Cape Wind project would cost around 15 billion. Which is roughly the same as a new nuclear power plant depending on the cots per kw in commission. It would take too many years to count for the Cape wind project to pay itself off where nuclear power plants would not take as much time. ====.

**Works Cited**
==== ** [|http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf01.html.] ** ====