422-004+N.+Connolly+&+A.+Chang-Depuy+Big+Timeline+Project


 * If you want to research more content about reviews of the diet solution plan then visit [|the diet solution program book].Unlike many weight loss programs, this plan is not meant to create an overnight success.** [|the diet solution]**Ancient:** **220 BC- Great Wall of China was finally finished during the Ming Dynasty. It is 4,000 miles long.** **44 BC Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of conspirators. They felt that he had too much power and did not want him to become the King of Rome. A lot of the conspirators were friends of his.**
 * A.D. 79 When Mount Vesuvius erupted, the explosion caused the top of the volcano to blow off. The cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiae were covered with magma and whole towns were destroyed. About 2,000 people were killed in the explosion. Today there are still the remains of the City of Pompeii that you may see with even remains of bodies that had been covered in lava.**


 * 500-1800:**


 * 503-557- The Persian-Roman Wars were three wars were fought between 503 and 557 AD. On one side of the war was the Persian Empire and on the other was the Eastern Roman Empire. The two empires could not agree on the border that separated them from each other but finally after the three wars peace was found.**


 * 1066- The Battle of Hastings was fought between William the Conqueror and Harold II, King of England. William won the battle, which led to England being under the control of the Normans. William was also crowed King of England.** **1420- The Treaty of Troyes was developed in the 1420 to end the Hundred Year War. It was made between Henry V, Charles VI, and Philip the Good.** **1800-1875:**


 * 1812- The war of 1812 was mostly fought between the United States and Great Britain. The war lasted until 1815 even though there had been a peace treaty made in 1814. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent although none of the problems that had started the war were resolved.** **1843 - The first issue of "The Economist" is published by James Wilson. The magazine has been selling from 1843 until even today. The topics mostly covered in it are news, finance, science, technology, economics, politics, business, and the arts.** **1869- In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened. The canal was meant for boats to have easier access from going between the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It was 103 miles long and was mostly used for imports and exports** **1875-1900:** **1882 – In 1882, German, Italy, and Australia formed the triple Alliance. The alliance made each country support and come to the aid of the others when in danger of being attacked by France or Russia****.** **1890- Vincent Van Gogh commit suicide on July 29, 1890. He had been a very unsuccessful artist while he was alive, but after he died he became one of the most famous artists of all time.** **1875 – In America, Smith and Wellesley College both opened, providing higher quality education for women “who will make a difference in the world.”** **1900-1915:** **1905- In January of 1905, Russian Imperial Guards killed many peaceful demonstrators. The demonstrators were made up of some 200,000 workers who wanted a higher pay and better working conditions. Grand Duke Vladimir was the one who commanded the Imperial Guards to fire into the crowd. Over 100 people were killed and many injured.** **1912- In April, 1912, the Titanic, which was said to be unsinkable, sunk. The iceberg it hit caused enough damage for the ship to sink in about three hours. The boat should not have been traveling as fast as it was for when the iceberg was spotted, there was not enough time to steer the ship about from danger. There were 2,220 people aboard but only enough life boats for about half the about of people. 1,515 people died, most of hypothermia from the frigid water.** **1914- World War 1 was a battle fought between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The Allied Powers included United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Serbia, and Montenegro while the Central Powers included Austria-Hungary and Germany. The United States stayed neutral through out the war. The war had started when Francis Ferdinand, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated. It was the first total war where all resources were devoted to an attempt to have a victory in the war.**


 * 1915-1950:** **1918 The influenza epidemic killed 50 million people. Some symptoms of the disease is a fever, fatigue, muscle pains and aches, and a dry cough and sore throat. It spread from the deep south all the way up to Alaska. Some people died within a few hours of first getting the symptoms while others had a few days to live. Doctors and scientists were not even able to discover what the disease was or a cure for it. The illness caused the United States population to drop by 25% and the live expectancy to also dropped by 12 years.**


 * 1929- The Great Depression started when the stock market crashed. It caused many working people to loss their jobs because their bosses could not afford to hire them. One forth the United States was unemployed. Families suffered, not being able to pay for food and necessities. Many died of starvation or were very close to it. Once Franklin Roosevelt was elected, he started a program called the New Deal. It helped and soon after, the way of life started to get a little better.**


 * 1939- The Holocaust began when Adolf Hitler came to power. He was the leader of the Nazi's and believed that anyone who was not a Nazi was worthless. He especially targeted Jews. People were marched out of their homes into concentration camps where they were worked to death unless they were killed before.**


 * 1950-present:**
 * 1968- In June of 1968, Neil Armstrong was the first human to touch the Moon. He was the commander of the Apollo 11 mission. He completed it successfully, bringing his team to the Moon, there and back, safely. When he landed on the Moon for the first time he was able to explore it for a few hours. The first man to set foot on Moon was quite an accomplishment.**


 * 2001- On September 11th, 2001, two air planes crashed into the World Trade Center. Both towers were completely demolished. The planes had been hijacked and the plan of the hijackers was completed when each plan crashed into one of the towers. About 3,000 people were killed in the event including the people on the plane, those in the World Trade Center and those who were mere spectators. This was one of the biggest acts of terrorism seen in a long time.** **2005- Hurricane Katrina hit the Golf Coast and New Orleans for the most part. The damage was horrific. It was classified as a level five storm and the wind speeds were extremely high. Homes, possessions and whole towns were completely destroyed. The hurricane killed about 1,300 people and there was about 125 million dollars of damage. More than 80% of New Orleans were flooded. It took many years for some people to continue on with life how it was before the storm hit.**


 * //__HISTORY OF AN ATOM !__//**

__**ancient greek**__

Born: 490 BCE Death: 370 BCE Country of origin: Abdera, Thrace, Contribution and year of discovery: 460 B.C.The smallest piece of matter is an atom. He discovered that the smallerst bit of matter is called an atom which is when something cannot be broken down any futher. He supposed the atoms to be impenetrable and have a density proportionate to their volume. All motions are the result of active and passive affection. He drew a distinction between primary motion and its secondary effects, that is, impulse and reaction. This is the basis of the law of necessity, which all things in nature are ruled. The worlds which we see with all their properties of immensity, resemblance, and dissimilitude, result from the endless multiplicity of falling atoms.
 * Democritus[[image:http://www.hypatia-lovers.com/images/Democritus.jpg width="232" height="251" align="right"]]**



Born: 500 bc Died: 450 bc Country of origin: Miletus Contribution and year of discovery: First to introduce the idea of the atom and started the thoery of atomism. He thought there were two states that matter could be in; atoms and voids. He beleived and atom was an indivisible unit of matter.
 * Leucippus** [[image:http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/images/Democritus1.jpg width="236" height="262" align="right"]]

Born: 490 BC Died: 430 BC Country of origin: greece Contribution and year of discovery: ( water) zeus (air) hades ( fire) associates the elements with the 4 gods ; hera ( earth) persephone. He did not base his four element hypothesis on any experimental evidence.
 * __Empedocles [[image:http://www.wpclipart.com/famous/philosophy/Empedocles.png align="right"]]__**


 * __466 - 1700__**

Born: 384 Died: 322 B.C. Country of origin: Greece Contribution and year of discovery: thought democritus' idea of an atom was meaningless. but, is own theory was incorrect which was that the four core elements could be transformed into one another.(adding to empedocles idea) everyone believe him but since he was wrong it science back 2000 years of knowledge.he emphasized on empedocles idea of the four elements.
 * Aristotle [[image:http://library.thinkquest.org/12160/people/aristotle2.gif width="218" height="320" align="right"]]**

Born:1627 Died: 1691 Country of origin: Ireland Contribution and year of discovery: Boyle did not believe in the physical reality of atoms. He demonstrated that chemistry is worth studying in and of itself, used experimental and quantitative methods.He gave the first modern definition of a chemical element and also tried to purify chemicals to obtain reproducible reactions. He was a vocal proponent of the mechanical philosophy proposed by Descartes, to explain and quantify the physical properties and interactions of material substances. He did not believe in the physical reality of atoms.
 * Robert Boyle[[image:http://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/phys/boyle.jpg width="260" height="277" align="right"]]**

Born: 1642 Died:1727 Country of origin: Cambridge Contribution and year of discovery: Newton didn't believe in the kinetic theory of gases, he thought the atoms in a gas were more or less static, the pressure arising from mutual repulsion between neighboring atoms. He also firmly believed light was made up of particles, not waves,
 * Isaac Newton[[image:http://www.crystalinks.com/newton.jpg width="223" height="226" align="right"]]**

Born: October 15, 1608 Died: October 25, 1647 Country of origin: Italy 1643 - pupil of Galileo, showed that air had weight and was capable of pushing down on a column of liquid mercury first man to create a sustained vacuum and to discover the principle of a barometer.
 * Evangelista Torricelli**, [[image:http://library.thinkquest.org/13394/media/torric.jpg width="212" height="257" align="right" caption="The image “http://library.thinkquest.org/13394/media/torric.jpg” cannot be displayed, because it contains errors."]]


 * __1700-1800__**

Born: 1733 Died: 1804 Country of origin: England Contribution and year of discovery: in 1774, he discovered isolation of oxygen by heating mercuric oxide. The gas we now refer to as oxygen was originally called dephlostigated air, He shared credit for this discovery with a Swede named Carl Scheele. Scheele was the one who figured out that heating liquids results in a release of gas. It was Priestly who, using Scheele's information, first isolated oxygen.
 * Joseph Priestly[[image:http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/scitech/HSjosepp.jpg width="209" height="246" align="right"]]**

Born: 1743 Died: 1794 Country of origin: France Contribution and year of discovery: Lavoisier discovered oxygen. He was the first to realize that air has two components, only one of which supports life, and combustion. In 1783, working with the mathematician Laplace, and a guinea pig in a mask, he checked out quantitatively that the animal used breathed-in oxygen to form what we now term carbon dioxide. Lavoisier began the modern study of chemistry: he insisted on precise terminology and on precise measurement, and beleived as part of the agenda the classification of substances into elements and compounds. Once this program was underway, the atomic interpretation soon was shed some light.
 * Antoine Lavoisier[[image:http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/images/philosophers/antoine-laurent-lavoisier.jpg width="196" height="287" align="right"]]**


 * __1800 - 1875__**

Born:1766 Died: 1844 Country of origin: English Contribution and year of discovery: John Dalton constructed experiments with gases and in 1803 came up with a modern theory of the atom based on his atomic theory: 1.) all matter is made up of atoms, atoms are indivisible and indestructable. 2.) all atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. 3.) compouds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. 4.) a chemical reaction is a rearrangment of atoms. This theory identified chemical elements as a specific type of atom,and rejected Newton's theory of chemical affinities.
 * John Dalton[[image:reich-chemistry/john_dalton.jpg width="236" height="238" align="right" caption="john_dalton.jpg"]]**

Born:1852 Died:1908 Origin of country: French Contribution and year of discovery: In 1896, Becquerel decided to investigate whether there was any connection between X-rays and naturally occurring phosphorescence. He had inherited from his father a supply of uranium salts, which phosphoresce when exposed to light. When the salts were placed near to a photographic plate covered with opaque paper, the plate was discovered to be fogged. The phenomenon was found to be common to all the uranium salts studied and was concluded to be a property of the uranium atom. Becquerel showed that the rays emitted by uranium, caused gases to ionize and that they differed from X-rays, which meant that they could be deflected by electric or magnetic fields.
 * Henri Becquerel[[image:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel.jpg width="162" height="227" align="right" caption="Henri Becquerel"]]**

Born: Died: 1923 Country of origin: Germany Contribution and year of discovery: in 1895, Wilhelm C. Roentgen discovered what is now called an Xray, after observing that a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glowed when a Cathode ray tube was turned on. It had the ability to pass through many materials that absorbed visible light. They also could knock electrons loose from atoms. Roentgen's experiment and discovery later contributed and helped in the medical field, and research.
 * Wilhelm C. Roentgen**


 * __1875 - 1900__**

Born: 1856 Died: 1940 Country of origin: Contribution and year of discovery: In 1897, JJ Thomson repeated Hertz's experiment, which was the theory that energy can be absorbed by an atom only in definite amounts and provided an important confirmation. Thomson found that by using a better vacuum that the cathode ray was deflected by the magnetic field, which meant the cathode ray had charged particles!
 * J J Thomson**

With this new discovery he came up with the plum pudding model. In 1903, the model pictured a positively-charged atom containing negatively-charged electrons.

Born: 1867 Died: 1934 Country of origin: Poland, Polish. Contribution and year of discovery: in 1896, Madame Curie discoverd the radioactive elements polonium and radium. she developed methods for the seperation of radium from radioactivity residue in an aduqette way of consistent amounts, to allow them (her and her husband) to carefully study.
 * Marie Curie**

__1900 - 1915__

Born: 1868 Died: 1953 Country of origin: USA, American Contribution and year of discovery: In 1909, Millikan began a series of experiments to determine the electric charge carried by a single electron. He measured the course of charged water droplets in an electrical field. With these results, he suggested that the charge on the droplets is a multiple of the electric charge, but the experiment was not accurate enough to be convince him. So, he obtained more accurate results in 1910 with his famous oil-drop experiment, which he replaced water, which tended to evaporate too quickly, with oil.
 * Robert Andrews Millikan**

Born: 1871 Died: 1937 country of Origin: New Zealand Contribution and year of discovery: Rutherford discovered in 1898, the existence of alpha and beta rays in uranium radiation and identified some of their properties. in 1911, he also discovered the nucleous by using alpha particles to strike very light atoms such as Oxygen and Nitrogen with the alpha particles.
 * Ernest Rutherford**

Solar System Model-Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense positively charged nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Rutherford received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1908 for his contributions into the structure of the atom. In 1913 Neils Bohr proposed that electrons traveled in circular orbits and that only certain orbits were allowed. This model of the atom helped explain the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom. He received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1922 for his theory.

Born: 1885 Died: 1962 Country of origin: Denmark Contribution and year discovery: Bohr elaborated on Rutherford's idea of the atom having a positively charged nucleus, with negatively charged electrons in orbit around it. His theory was that electrons travel only in certain, much larger orbit. He believed that the outer orbits could hold more electrons than the inner ones, and that these outer orbits could determine an atom's chemical properties. He also came up with an idea of the way atoms emit radiation, which is when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to an inner one, and gives off light, which later lead to the explaination of the structure and actions of complex atoms.
 * Niels Bohr**

Quantization of the atom lead to Bohr's model that places the nucleus as the "sun" and electrons as planets revolving about it in fixed orbits analogous to our solar system. The picture of this model is often drawn not as orbits in one flat plane, as is the case for the solar system, but in the atomic planetary model the orbits of electrons are three dimensional. This orbital model of the atom was in fact very effective at first, but it too was shown to be inadequate. Despite the very limited use of the planetary model, it is this picture that is most widely used for depiction of the atom!


 * __1915 - 1950__**

born: 1901 died: 1976 country of origin: Germany, German. contribution and year of discovery: Heisenberg came up with idea"heisenberg Uncertainty Principle" in 1927, which states that it is impossible to determine both the position and the momentum of an electron at the same time. In 1932, he also discovered that there was a nucleous of protons and neutrons, not the plum pudding model.
 * Werner Heisenberg**

Electron Cloud Model (1920's)- an atom consists of a dense nucleus composed of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons that exist in different clouds at the various energy levels. Erwin Schrodinger and Werner HeisenbErg developed probability functions to determine the regions or clouds in which electrons would most likely be found.

Born: 1891 Died: 1974 Country of origin: England, english. Contribution and year of discovery: in 1932, Chadwick repeated an experiment that bombarded hydrogen atoms in paraffin with beryllium emissions, and also used helium, nitrogen, and other elements as targets. He comparing the energies of recoiling charged particles from different targets and proved that the beryllium emissions contained a neutral component that had a mass equal to that of the proton.
 * james chadwick**

Born: 1887 Died: 1961 Country of orgin: Austria Contribution and year of discovery: in 1926, Schrödinger fcome up with the theory of wave mechanics, which describes the behavior of the tiny particles that make up matter in terms of waves. He also created the Schrödinger wave equation to describe the behavior of electrons in atoms.
 * Erwin Schrodinger**

in 1913...." When an electron is in an "allowed" orbit it does not radiate. Thus the model simply throws out classical electromagnetic theory. Technical note: an allowed orbit is one in which the electron mass times its speed times the radius of the orbit is equal to a positive integer n times Planck's constant divided by 2 pi. The integer n can be 1, 2, 3, 17, 108, etc. In fact, there are an infinite number of allowed orbits corresponding to the infinite number of positive integers. When an electron absorbs energy from incident electromagnetic radiation, it "quantum jumps" into a higher energy allowed state. This higher energy state corresponds to an allowed orbit with a higher value of the integer n. When an electron is in a higher energy state, it can quantum jump into a lower energy state, one with a smaller value of n, emitting all of its energy as a single photon of electromagnetic energy. "

WORLD EVENTS:

A.D. 79 Mount Vesuvious erupted.

http://www.nobeliefs.com/atom.htm http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=49 http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Torricelli.html http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/FonF/Dalton.html
 * www.csmate.colostate.edu/. ../atomhistory.html**
 * http://chemcases.com/nuclear/nc-01.htm**
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 * http://www.resonancepub.com**
 * http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/atoms.html**
 * http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/democrit.htm**
 * http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Empedocles.html**
 * http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/**