Fall.2008.MMA.Lowe.Rivas.Timline

   Heraclitus lived around the year of 500 BC. He was one of the great greek philosophers. He came up with a model of nature and the universe which in turn helped created the foundation for all other speculation on physics and metaphysics. Whenever you walk into a science class the class originates with Heraclitu's spectations on change.   

Democritus (460 BC - 370 BC). Democritus was born in Abdera, Thrace in 460 BC. He was considered one of the greatest greek philosophers. Democritus figured that living things were made up of atoms and that they could be see externaly but that they were so small that their sizes could not be diminished. The atoms filled that spaces that it occupied. The atoms were different in figure, arrangement, position, magnitude, and weight.  

born in 384 B.C. and died 322 B.C. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and is consider one of the greatest of all time. He lived in Athens most of his life. Beginning his life as a pupil of Plato, Plato may have been the only philosopher greater than Aristotle. Aristotle later in his life became a teacher. He continued to live his life Athens and also became the founder of biology. Much of Aristotle’s work was lost during the decline of the Roman Empire. Born in Stagira and son Nichomachus, Aristotle was strongly influence by science. He father was a physician of the king of Macedonia who was Amyntas II. His father’s position caused Aristotle to become greatly interested in anatomy and the structure of living things in general. Aristotle also one great and important thing from his father, it was attention to detail. Aristotle lost both his parents at a young age and was later raised by Proxenus. At the age of 18 he attended Plato’s school where he remained for 20 years.
 * Aristotle **

   John Dalton (1766-1844). John Dalton was born in 1766 to a Quaker family in England. John Dalton came up with his theories on atoms by the way of meteorology. From his experiments Dalton concluded that elements were tiny hard balls. He also concluded that different elements had different masses. He believed that atoms were the building blocks of nature. He also thought that atoms could not be split, but later on we found out that atoms can be split into smaller substances. 

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> Born December 13, 1780 in Holf an def Saale, Germany He died March 24, 1849 in Jena, Germany Dobereiner was the son of a coachman which allotted very little time for a formal education. this did not stop him, he later became an apothecary. He studied hard and attended science lectures. He eventually was able to attend the University of Jena, where he became a assistant to his professor in 1810 and then became the supervisor of Science Instruction. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Johann Dobereiner **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> (1780-49)

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Humphry Davy (1778 – 1829). Davy Discovered several new elements. The elements were Chlorine and Iodine. When studying certain alkaline earths by isolating magnesium, calcium, barium, and strontium he challenged Lavoisier's theroy that all elements that had acidity contained oxygen. While studying this he found out that not all acids contained oxygen. One of these being muriatic acid, more commonly know as hydrochloric acid which was discovered by Davy proving Lavoisier wrong and that it was not Oxymuriatic acid. He said that it contained only the elements hydrogen and chlorine. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

Born in Siberia in 1834 While a general chem. Professor at university of St. Petersburg, Mendeleev could not find an appropriate textbook. So he started his own. The text provided the frame work for modern chemistry and physical theory. Mendeleev’s table was published in 1869. The table was highly accurate and where he believed existing elements that were not yet discover. He left empty spaces. He was still able to accurately predict the size, shape, color and order.
 * Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev**


 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">



Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> (Röntgen) Born: 27 March 1845, Lennep, Germany Died: 10 February 1923, Munich, Germany German physicist and discoverer of X-rays. Roentgen built up a solid reputation as a physicist, but it wasn't until 1895 that he shot to fame with the discovery of X-rays. He was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901. Roentgen's discovery happened when he noticed that some barium platinocyanide crystals near a Crookes tube with which he was experimenting were fluorescing. Hundreds had used this apparatus before, some even observing phenomena such as fogged photographic plates, but all had ignored their observations. Roentgen then spent six weeks in intense experimentation with the new rays. He was later able to take an X-ray photograph of his wife's hand, anticipating the significance of his find for modern medicine.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

Antoine Henri Becquerel **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> born in Paris on December 15, 1852 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

Antoine Henri Becquerel is member of a distinguished family of scholars and scientists. His father, Alexander Edmond Becquerel, was a Professor of Applied Physics and had done research on solar radiation and on phosphorescence, while his grandfather, Antoine César, had been a Fellow of the Royal Society and the inventor of an electrolytic method for extracting metals from their ores. He entered the Polytechnic in 1872, then the government department of Ponts-et-Chaussées in 1874, becoming ingénieur in 1877 and being promoted to ingénieur-en-chef in 1894. In 1888 he acquired the degree of docteur-ès-sciences. From 1878 he had held an appointment as an Assistant at the Museum of Natural History, taking over from his father in the Chair of Applied Physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In 1892 he was appointed Professor of Applied Physics in the Department of Natural History at the Paris Museum. He became a Professor at the Polytechnic in 1895.

Becquerel's earliest work was concerned with the plane polarization of light, with the phenomenon of phosphorescence and with the absorption of light by crystals (his doctorate thesis). He also worked on the subject of terrestrial magnetism. In 1896, his previous work was overshadowed by his discovery of the phenomenon of natural radioactivity. Following a discussion with Henri Poincaré on the radiation which had recently been discovered by Röntgen (X-rays) and which was accompanied by a type of phosphorescence in the vacuum tube, Becquerel decided to investigate whether there was any connection between X-rays and naturally occurring phosphorescence. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Neils Bohr (1885-1962). Neils Bohr was born on October 7, 1885 in the town of Copenhagen. Bohr's father was the one who first got him interested in becoming a scientist due to the fact that his father was a eminent physiologist. Later after Bohr got out of college, he studied with two well know scientists. They were J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford. Neil Bohr also revised the shape and structure of the atom. Bohr figured that the electrons were orbiting the nucleus of the atom in certain energy fields or shells. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">(Niels Bohrs atom model)

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> J.J. Thomson (1856-1940). J.J. Thomson was born on December 18, 1856 in Manchester. The major accomplishment of J.J. Thomson was the discovery of the electron. An electron is a particle that is smaller than an atom and is negatively charged. In fact John Daltons theory of the atom not being able to be broken down any farther was put aside by J.J. Thomson. His experiment was done by applying high voltages to low pressure gases. Thomson created the plum pudding model, which was the way he thought the structure of the atom was made up. The tiny negatively charged atoms were embedded in a positively charged cloud.



(J.J. Thomsons Atom Model) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Marie Curie (1867-1934). Marie Curie was born on July 4, 1867 in Warsaw. Marie Curie became head Professor of General Physics in the Faculty of Sciences at Sorbonne after the death of her husband Pierre Curie. She was the very first woman to hold this position in the physics field. The main thing Marie Curie did was work in the field with radium. Marie Curie promoted the use of radium during world war one to alleviate suffering. She was presented with $50,00 by president Hoover to create a radioactivity laboratory in her home town. Marie Curie recieved numerous awards in the physics field and the chemistry field until her death in 1934.



**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Robert Andrews Millikan **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> was born on the 22nd of March, 1868, in Morrison, Ill. (U.S.A.)

Robert Andrews Millikan is the second son of the Reverend Silas Franklin Millikan and Mary Jane Andrews. His grandparents were pioneers of the old west, coming to America in 1750 and moving into the Middle West. He lived along the country side life, going to Maquoketa High School. Later working as a court reporter, Roberts A. Millikan entered Oberlin College in Ohio, 1886. While attending Oberlin, Millikan's favorite courses was were Greek and mathematics. After graduation in 1891 he toke a teaching post in elementary physics. It was during this period that he developed his interest in the subject in which he was later to excel. In 1893, after obtaining his mastership in physics, he was appointed Fellow in Physics at Columbia University. Receiving his Ph.D. in 1895 for research on the polarization of light emitted by incandescent surfaces.

Millikan made numerous momentous discoveries.Mainly in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. A major success was the accurate determination of the charge carried by an electron, using the elegant "falling-drop method". He also proved that this quantity was a constant for all electrons (1910), thus demonstrating the atomic structure of electricity. He verified experimentally Einstein's all-important photoelectric equation, and made the first direct photoelectric determination of Planck's constant. In addition his studies of the Brownian movements in gases put an end to all opposition to the atomic and kinetic theories of matter. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937). Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand on August 30, 1871. His conclusion for a new model of the atom came ten years after J.J. Thomsons model of the atom. It started when two of his students were shooting dense positivily charged particles at a piece of gold foil. The students thought the particles would shoot straight through them but to their surprise they shot off into different directions. This is when Rutherford knew that J.J. Thomsons model for the atom couldn't be correct. From this experiment Rutherford figured out that electrons orbit around a nucleus like the planets revolve around the sun.



(Ernest Rutherford's model for the atom) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955). Albert Einstein was born in Germany on March 14, 1879. In the year 1911, Albert Einstein became Professor of Theoretical Physics in Prague. Later that following year he went to Zurich and held the same type of position as he did in Prague. Einstein always had a clear determination to solve problems in the field of physics. In 1916 Albert Einstein furnished the ideas of gravitation. Albert Einstein developed the quantum theory of a monatomic gas. Albert Einstein was given the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.



**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Erwin Schrödinger **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> born on August 12, 1887, in Vienna He died on the 4th of January, 1961 Rudolf Schrödinger's only child was Erwin Schrödinger. Schrödinger was married to a daughter of Alexander Bauer, his Professor of Chemistry at the Technical College of Vienna. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">James Chadwick **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> Born October 20, 1891, Manchester UK Died July 24, 1974, Edinburgh, Scotland Discovered the neutron in 1932

For four years, James Chadwick was a prisoner of war in Germany. When World War I ended, he returned to his native England. At the beginning of World War I, James Chadwick received a scholarship to study in Germany. It was after that Chadwick was detained and held as a prisoner of war. In 1919, Chadwick returned to England and continued his research in at Cambridge University. It was in 1923 that Chadwick became the assistant director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory. this is where also where Chadwick's research focused on radioactivity. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Werner Heisenberg **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> born on 5th December, 1901 in Würzburg <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

Werner Heisenberg was the son of Dr. August Heisenberg. Heisenberg went to the Maximilian school at Munich until 1920, when he went to the University of Munich to study physics under Sommerfeld, Wien, Pringsheim, and Rosenthal. During the winter of 1922-1923 he went to Göttingen to study physics under <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">[|Max Born] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">[|Franck] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, and Hilbert. In 1923 he took his Ph.D. at the University of Munich and then became Assistant to Max Born at the University of Göttingen, and in 1924 he gained the //venia legendi// at that University. Heisenberg study in many other schools and under many other professors.

Heisenberg's name will always be associated with his theory of quantum mechanics, published in 1925, when he was only 23 years old. Heisenberg also developed the //principle of uncertainty//, which lays it down that the determination of the position and momentum of a mobile particle necessarily contains errors the product of which cannot be less than the quantum constant //h// and that, although these errors are negligible on the human scale, they cannot be ignored in studies of the atom. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">



Dr. Blair Jesse Ellyn Reich was born in Worcester, MA September 18th 1979. This rouge chemist is on the verge of a breakthrough teaching students at Massachusetts Maritime Academy the basics of the world of chemisty. What great and amazing feats can we expect from the rouge chemist the world will never know. Maybe it will be the discovery of a new element and a new theory. We'll just have to wait and see what Dr. Blair Jesse Ellyn Reich does next.

http://www.broadeducation.com/htmlDemos/AbsorbChem/HistoryAtom/page.htm http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html http://www.nndb.com/people/790/000087529/ http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/electrochem/davy.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html
 * __Works Cited__**