Fall.2008.MMA.McElroy.Timeline

 Brendan McElroy's Wiki Timeline Started: 09\16\08 Last Update: 09\28\08 4th. Company  **// THE MAN HIMSELF D. REICH//** //**Ancient Times (before 450 ad)**//  //**624BC-547BC Thales: Greek Philosopher** // =      =  Thales of Miletus is known as the first Greek philosopher, scientist and mathematician**.** He is credited with five theorems of elementary geometry. He is believed to have been the teacher of Anaximander (611 BC - 545 BC) and he was the first natural philosopher in the Milesian However, none of his writing survives so it is difficult to determine his views or to be certain about his mathematical discoveries. He believed in water as the first principle and nature as the principles in the forms of matter.


 * 610BC-545BC**
 * Anaximander: Philosopher**

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> Anaximander, Ionian philosopher of Miletus, the first Greek known to have written (c.546) a book in prose, a treatise on nature, now lost except for one quotation. It was said that he introduced into Greece the gnomon (the vertical rod whose shadow indicates the sun's direction), and to have constructed the first map of the earth and the first celestial globe. His theories include cosmology, multiple worlds, origin of humankind, aperion, and meterological phenomenon.

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**569BC-475BC Pythagoras** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> Pythagoras of Samos is often described as the first real mathematician. Though we know little of him, he plays an instrumental role in the development of math. There are no books or writings from Pythagoras. He believed in a half scientific, half religious society where all things were related to one of the two. One of Pythagoras' beliefs was that the essence of being is number. Thus, being relies on stability of all things that create the universe. This has to do with the atomic structure because he introduced the idea of stability. Things in the atomic structure tend to stabalize.

=<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Hippocrates     = <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">
 * 460 BC – 380 BC**

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Hippocrates was an ancient greek physician who was considered as the most outstanding figure in medicine. He is known as the father of medicine and many of his beliefs are linked with the atomic history through his contributions to the field of medecine. Medicine is linked closely with the atomic structure because much of the topics in medicine such as cures and treatements are done through experimenting with elements.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">**500 BC – 428 BC Anaxagoras of Clazomenae** Proposed the atomic system along with his counterpart Leucippus.

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**500 BC Leucippus**

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Credited with the invention of Atomism.Leucippus contended that since movement exists, there has to be vacuum. "Nothing happens at random, but everything from reason and by necessity." – Leucippus, //<span class="wiki_link_ext">Diels-Kranz 67 B1//

=<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">460 BC -370 BC)     =  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**Democritus** =<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> = =<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">    = <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> Democritus of Abdera is best known for his atomic theory, however, he also worked with geometry. His teacher was Leucippus. He was not the first to propose the atomic theory. His teacher Leucippus had proposed an atomic system, as had Anaxagoras of Clazomenae. It goes even further back to the make up of the universe as stated previously. However Democritus produced a much more elaborate and systematic view of the physical world than had any of his predecessors.

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**384 BC – 322 BC Aristotle, Greek Philosopher** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> Aristotle studied under Plato and tutored Alexander the Great at the Macedonian court. In 335 B.C. he opened a school in the Athenian Lyceum. During the anti-Macedonian agitation after Alexander's death, he fled to Chalcis, where he later died. His writings are mostly in the form of lecture notes to his students include the Organum (treatises on logic); Physics; Metaphysics; De Anima [on the soul]; Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics; Politics; De Poetica; Rhetoric; and works on biology and physics. He proposed many theories and methods of science. His scientific method plays a major role in being successful in science and understanding the atomic structure. He also proposed the five elements:
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Fire, hot and dry.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Earth, cold and dry.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Air, hot and wet.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Water, cold and wet.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Aether, the divine substance that makes up the heavenly spheres and heavenly bodies (stars and planets).

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">** 1704 Isaac Newton ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Proposed a mechanical universe with small solid masses in motion

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">** 1803 ****John Dalton** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">    <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> Proposed an "atomic theory" with spherical solid atoms based upon measurable properties of mass. ==== <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Dalton's Atomic Theory      ==== ==== <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">      ==== ====** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.      **==== ====** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties      **==== ====** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.      **==== ====<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">** 4) A chemical reaction is a  **rearrangement** of atoms. **      ====

Michael Faraday     ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Studied the effect of electricity on solutions, coined term "electrolysis" as a splitting of molecules with electricity, developed laws of electrolysis. Faraday himself was not a proponent of atomism. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1859 J. Plucker ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Built one of the first gas discharge tubes cathode ray tube.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1832

** <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="wiki_link_ext"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**James Clerk Maxwell** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Proposed electric and magnetic fields filled the void. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">**1874** <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span class="wiki_link_ext"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**G.J. Stoney** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Proposed that electricity was made of discrete negative particles he called "<span class="wiki_link_ext">e <span class="wiki_link_ext">lectrons ". ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1879      <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Sir William Crookes       ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Discovered cathode rays had the following properties: travel in straight lines from the cathode; cause glass to fluoresce; impart a negative charge to objects they strike; are deflected by electric fields and magnets to suggest a negative charge; cause pinwheels in their path to spin indicating they have mass.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1873

** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1886 <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">E. Goldstein     ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">    <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">    <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Used a CRT to study "canal rays" which had electrical and magnetic properties opposite of an electron.

**<span style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1845-1923 ** <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="wiki_link_ext"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**Wilhelm Roentgen** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">

**<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> 1896 ** <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="wiki_link_ext"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**Henri Becquerel** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">While studying the effect of x-rays on photographic film, he discovered some chemicals spontaneously decompose and give off very pentrating rays. <span class="wiki_link_ext">       <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1897 <span class="wiki_link_ext">J.J. Thomson ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Used a <span class="wiki_link_ext">CRT to experimentally determine the charge to mass ratio <span class="wiki_link_ext">(e/m) of an electron =1.759 x 108 coulombs/gram. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Studied "canal rays" and found they were associated with the proton H+. J.J. Thompson created the plum pudding atom.

** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1898 ** <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="wiki_link_ext"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**Rutherford** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">S<span class="wiki_link_ext"> tu <span class="wiki_link_ext"> d  <span class="wiki_link_ext"> ied radiations emitted fro       <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">m uranium and thorium and named them //alpha// and //beta.// <span class="wiki_link_ext"> ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1898      ** <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">**Marie Sklodowska Curie** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Studied uranium and thorium and called their spontaneous decay process "radioactivity". She and her husband Pierre also discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">**Soddy** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Observed spontaneous disintegration of radioactive elements into variants he called "isotopes" or totally new elements, discovered "half-life", made initial calculations on energy released during decay. **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1858-1947      ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">**Max Planck** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">used the idea of quanta (discrete units of energy) to explain hot glowing matter.
 * 1900 **    <span class="wiki_link_ext">

**<span style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1865-1950 ** <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**Nagaoka** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> P ostulated a "Saturnian" model of the atom with flat rings of electrons revolving around a positively charged particle. **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1869-1910 ** <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">**Abegg** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Discovered that inert gases had a stable electron configuration which lead to there chemical inactivity. ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1906      ** <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">**Hans Geiger** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Developed an electrical device to "click" when hit with alpha particles. ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1909      <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">R.A. Millikan       ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Oil drop experiment determined the charge and the mass of an electron. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1911 <span class="wiki_link_ext">Ernest Rutherford ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Using alpha particles as atomic bullets, probed the atoms in a piece of thin (0.00006 cm) <span class="wiki_link_ext">gold foil. He established that the nucleus was: very dense,very small and positively charged. He also assumed that the electrons were located outside the nucleus. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1914 <span class="wiki_link_ext">H.G.J. Moseley ** (<span style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif">1887 - 1915) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Using x-ray tubes, determined the charges on the nuclei of most atoms. He wrote"The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus". This work was used to reorganize the periodic table based upon atomic number instead of atomic mass. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1919 Aston ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Discovered the existence of isotopes through the use of a mass spectrograph. ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1922      <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Niels Bohr **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Developed an explanation of atomic structure that underlies regularities of the periodic table of elements. His atomic model had atoms built up of sucessive orbital shells of electrons.

** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1923 <span class="wiki_link_ext"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">de Broglie **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Discovered that electrons had a dual nature-similar to both particles and waves. Particle/wave duality. Supported Einstein. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1927 <span class="wiki_link_ext">Heisenberg ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> De s cribed atoms by mean s of formula connected to the frequencies of spectral lines. Proposed Principle of Indeterminancy - you can not know both the position and velocity of a particle. **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> 1929 <span class="wiki_link_ext"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Cockcroft / Walton **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Cockcroft on left, Walton on right <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Built an early linear accelerator and bombarded lithium with protons to produce //alpha particles// ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1930 <span class="wiki_link_ext"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Schrodinger **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">    <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Schrödinger's Cat: "when we look in the box, we see the cat //either// alive //or// dead, not a mixture of alive //and// dead.      <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">"

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Viewed electrons as continuous clouds and     <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> introduced "wave mechanics" as a mathematical model of the atom. He has a cat in the box experiment where the cat was killed in a box. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">__**//HE KILLS CATS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!//**__ <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1930 Paul Dirac **(1902-1984) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Proposed //anti-particles//. A     <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">nderson discovered the anti-electron (positron) in 1932 and Segre/Chamberlain detected the anti-proton in 1955. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1932 ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Using alpha particles discovered a neutral atomic particle with a mass close to a proton. Thus was discovered the neutron. ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1938      <span class="wiki_link_ext"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Lise Meitner       **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">  <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">(1878-1968)** <span class="wiki_link_ext">, Hahn, Strassm **      <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">an **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Conducted experiments verifying that heavy elements capture neutrons and form unstable products which undergo fission. This process ejects more neutrons continuing the fission chain reaction. Lise is known for nuclear fission ** 1941 - 51 ** <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Synthesized 6 transuranium elements and suggested a change in the layout of the periodic table. Known for the discovery of the transuranium elements <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">** 1942 <span class="wiki_link_ext">Enrico Fermi **(September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif">Conducted the first controlled chain reaction releasing energy from the atoms nucleus. He is known for New radioactive irradiation elements produced by neutron, Controlled nuclear chain <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">reaction, Fermi-Dirac statistics, and the Theory of beta decay. **
 * James Chadwick **(20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974)
 * <span class="wiki_link_ext">Glenn Seaborg **

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Glenn Theodore Seaborg 1951- **
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">[[image:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/seaborg.jpg width="258" height="361" caption="Glenn T. Seaborg"]] ||
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Glenn T. Seaborg ||

<span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">He was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, on April 19, 1912. In addition to the discovery of transuranium elements, Dr. Seaborg and his colleagues are responsible for the identification of more than 100 isotopes of elements throughout the Periodic Table. He is also author of the actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure. In this connection, Dr. Seaborg demonstrated that the heavy elements form a "transition" series of actinide elements in a manner analogous to the rare-earth series of lanthanide elements.

<span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"> **Murray Gell-Mann** He was born September 15, 1929) he formulated the quark model of hadronic resonances, and identified the SU(3) flavor symmetry of the light quarks, extending isospin to include strangeness, which he also discovered. He discovered the V-A theory of chiral neutrinos in collaboration with Richard Feynman. He created current algebra in the 1960s as a way of extracting predictions from quark models when the fundamental theory was still murky, which led to model-independent sum rules confirmed by experiment.He is also known to have played a large role in keeping string theory alive through the 1970s, supporting that line of research at a time when it was unpopular. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"> **(1964)** <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"> **George Zweig** <span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">He born 1937 Zweig proposed the existence of quarks In 1981, Zweig received a MacArthur Prize Fellowship. In 1996, Zweig was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">1964 **

He is an American theoretical physicist who happened to share the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics with David Gross and Frank Wilczek for their discovery of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics.
 * David Politzer** 31 August 1949)


 * David Gross** born 1941-
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Gross_cropped.JPG/225px-David_Gross_cropped.JPG width="145" height="222" caption="David Jonathan Gross" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:David_Gross_cropped.JPG"]] ||
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">David Jonathan Gross ||

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">He is an <span class="wiki_link_ext">American <span class="wiki_link_ext">particle physicist and <span class="wiki_link_ext">string theorist. Along with <span class="wiki_link_ext">Frank Wilczek and <span class="wiki_link_ext">David Politzer, he was awarded the //2004// //<span class="wiki_link_ext">Nobel Prize in Physics // for his discovery of <span class="wiki_link_ext">asymptotic freedom.

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">He discovered that the color theory of the strong interaction has a special property, now called "asymptotic freedom." The property is necessary to describe the 1968-69 data on the substrate of the proton.
 * Frank Wilczek**


 * Carlo Rubbia**
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">[[image:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1984/rubbia.jpg width="162" height="227" caption="Carlo Rubbia"]] ||
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Carlo Rubbia ||

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Born 31 March, 1934

"During the summer of 1964 <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">announced the discovery of CP violation. This has been for me a tremendously important result and I abandoned all current work to start a long series of observations on CP violation in K0 decay and on the KL-KS mass difference." "In the meantime and under the impulse of Vicky Weisskopf a new, fascinating adventure had just started at CERN with a new type of colliding beams machine, the Intersecting Storage Rings, in which counter-rotating beams of protons collide against each other. This novel technique offered a much more efficient use of the accelerator energy than the traditional method of collisions against a fixed target. From the very first operation of this new type of accelerator, I have participated to a long series of experiments. They have been crucial to perfect the detection techniques with colliding beams of protons and antiprotons needed later on for the discovery of the Intermediate Bosons.

1952
 * Simon Van der Meer**
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">[[image:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1984/meer.jpg width="162" height="227" caption="Simon van der Meer"]] ||
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Simon van der Meer ||

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">"I was born in 1925 1952, "I worked in the Philips Research Laboratory, Eindhoven, mainly on high-voltage equipment and electronics for electron microscopes. 1956 I moved to Geneva to join the recently founded European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), where I have been working ever since on many different projects, in an agreeable and stimulating international atmosphere" 1967 to 1976 I returned to more technical work when I was responsible for the magnet power supplies, first of the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) and then of the 400 GeV synchrotron (SPS). I kept up with accelerator ideas, however, and worked (during my ISR period) on a method for the luminosity calibration of storage rings and on stochastic cooling. "