Fall.2008.MMA.Vitali.Timeline

=__450AD- Prior__=

Democritus
Born: 460BC Died: 370BC Hailed From: Greece No known specific date as to when the idea came about.

Democritus grew up in Greece and studied under Leucippus. He taught his students to notice that while sand is made of fine particles, from a distance the beach looks continuous like the sea. Democritus took this idea and applied it the rest of the world coming up with the idea that everything is made up of invisible and indivisible particles. Thus the concept of the atom as the most basic form of matter was born. He gave them the name atomon which in Greek means that something can not be divided.

Democritus had two contributions to the field of chemistry and atomic understanding. First off, it was his idea that atoms were the smallest building blocks of matter. Also he coined the term that has over time become our word for atom, atomon. Without his contributions to science the field of chemistry would be completely different.

Aristotle
Born: 384BC Died: 322 B.C. Hailed from: Greece Through out his life his ideas came about. Aristotle popularized the idea that all matter was made of earth, air, water, and fire in varying proportions. According to this notion, one should be able to make gold from other materials by adjusting the ratios of the four elements therein. His ideas influenced alchemy and protochemistry for 2,000 years.



Born: 490BC Died: 430BC Hailed From: Greece During his life.
 * Empedocles**

Empedocles lived during a time of upheaval and overthrow of government. He was a strong supporter of the poor and a great oracle. He was also a philosopher and a great thinker of his time however not much is known about his life.

His greatest contribution to the world is he is credited with the idea of the four basic elements that Aristotle used as the basis of all matter.

John Dalton
Born:September 6, 1776 Died:July 27, 1844 Hailed From: England 19th Century

John Dalton was born in England to a Quaker family. At the age of 15 he began running school with his brother and eventually after doing that started to look into law and medicine until he met Elihu Robinson, who was a meteorologist and instrument maker who got him interested in math and meteorology. Throughout his life he came up with several laws, from gas laws to his atomic theory.

Dalton's atomic theory was perhaps on of if not the biggest development in what we know about atoms in history. He alone through experiments and studies, came up with his Atomic Theory, that in essence laid out how atoms work, their properties and how they compose everything else. His theory was virtually unchanged for almost two hundred years.

 __Dalton's Atomic Theory __  1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. 2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. 4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement  of atoms. Dalton also created element sets that were relatively close to what we know of elements today with their masses and their order and structure, along with stating that those elements bonded to determine matters properties unlike the Greeks who thought that the atoms themselves determined properties of matter. The picture below shows how they believed that irons properties were determined by the atoms that look exactly like what iron looks like to us only on a microscopic scale.

This is how Dalton invisioned the atom as see above as a solid sphere. Dalton's Table of atoms, their properties and masses.

Joseph Proust
Born:September 26th 1754 Died:1826 Hailed from: France 1797 Formulated his Law of Constant Proportions

Joseph Proust was born in Angers, France. He was brought up with a father who was a chemist, so from a young age he studied in his fathers lab. He went on from the lab to become a head chemist and a professor of chemistry at several schools.

Joseph Proust based his work on the study of copper carbonate reactions performed in the laboratory. In 1797 he formulated his law of constant proportions independent of the way a specific compound is synthesised. Law of Constant Proportions states that the elements in a compound are all present in a fixed proportion by weight, regardless of how the compound is prepared.

Born:1642 Died:1727 Hailed From: England
 * Sir Isaac Newton**

Sir Isaac Newton was born in Lincolnshire, England. He was English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, coming up with several laws, dealing with gravity, motion, and other laws of classical mechanics, that modern engineering is based off of today. He was very influential in the field of science and helped to advance the scientific revolution.

He came up with the idea that atoms were connected by attractive forces between them.

1800-1875
** Born: March 27, 1845 Died: February 10, 1923 Hailed From: Germany November 8, 1895 Discovered X Rays
 * Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

He was born in Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany to a merchant father and a mother of the original settling family of the area. As a kid he was sent to boarding school but did not complete his schooling. This however did not hinder him later. He attended the University of Zurich, despite his lack of credentials to gain entrance but by passing the entrance exam he was allowed to attend. There he studied physics. He went on to get his PhD and eventually had several offers to teach but turned them down. He was influential in other areas of science other than discovering X Rays but that is what he is remembered for.

He discovered X Rays that later he figured out that they are formed by the impact of cathode rays on material objects. He also demonstrated X Rays by taking the first X Ray of his wife's hand.



Henri Becquerel
Born: December 15, 1852 Died: August 25, 1908 Hailed From: France Research in Radioactivity in 1896


 * Antoine Henri Becquerel** was born in Paris on December 15, 1852, a member of a distinguished family of scholars and scientists. His father, Alexander Edmond Becquerel, was a Professor of Applied Physics and had done research on solar radiation and on phosphorescence, while his grandfather, Antoine César, had been a Fellow of the Royal Society and the inventor of an electrolytic method for extracting metals from their ores. He eventually took his fathers place as the Chair of Applied Physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In 1892 he was appointed Professor of Applied Physics in the Department of Natural History at the Paris Museum. He became a Professor at the Polytechnic in 1895. During this time is when he discovered natural radiation.

His discovery of natural radiation by accidentally leaving the uranium salts in his sock drawer with photo plates paved the way for others such as Curie to further what we know about radiation.



=J.J. Thompson= Born: December 18, 1856 Died: August 30, 1940 Hailed From: England


 * Joseph John Thomson** was born in Cheetham Hill, a suburb of Manchester on December 18, 1856. He enrolled at Owens College, Manchester, in 1870, and in 1876 entered Trinity College, Cambridge as a minor scholar. He won many awards for his work with atoms and electrons. He had a daughter and a son, who is now a professor of physics in London. He wrote many works on electrons, matter, light, rays and electricity.

J.J. Thompson through his work with atoms proposed that the structure of an atom was a large positive sphere with tiny negative electrons that floated around in the positive, "Pudding," He came up with the plum pudding model to show how electrons were located and or arranged in an atom.



=1875-1900= =Marie Curie=

Born:November 7, 1867 Died: July 4, 1934 Hailed From: Poland Discovered two new types of radiation in 1898.

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw. She was one of 6 children with both parents as teachers. She was absolutely brilliant and earned highest honors in high school. Once out of school her goal was to get her teaching degree and return to Poland but she never did. She began furthering Becquerel's research and eventually discovered two new types of radiation along with, extraction methods and several radioactive elements.



=Robert Millikan= Born: March 22, 1868 Died: December 19, 1953 Hailed From: USA Discovered charge of an electron: 1910

Robert Andrews Millikan was born on 22nd March 1868 at Morrison in the United States. In 1895 he achieved the D.Sc. degree at the Columbia University. Afterwards he spent one year in Europe at the universities of Berlin and Gottingen. After return to his native country he became an assistant to Albert Michelson (at the Chicago University) - a great physicist who proved that the speed of light does not depend on the direction of observation. In 1910 Millikan was nominated a full professor of the Columbia University. Following that nomination he discovered the elemental charge of an electron.

He discovered the elemental charge of the electron by using a setup of electric plates and passing oil droplets between them and finding the amount of electricity required to get the droplets to float.



Ernest Rutherford
Born: August 30, 1871 Died: October 19, 1937 Hailed From: New Zealand Discovered true atomic structure in 1912

Rutherford was born in New Zealand. He was the son of a a Scottish wheelwright. He went to school for mathematics and physical sciences and eventually graduated and ended up working under J.J Thompson at Cavendish Laboratories. It was here under Thompson that he set out to prove the plum pudding theory correct.

His experiment of firing beta particles at a piece of gold foil and seeing where the particles hit on a shield around the foil however proved the plum pudding model wrong. It showed that atoms had a dense center mass with a vast area in which the electrons orbit instead due to some of the particles being deflected in all directions including straight back. The results shocked Rutherford leaving him to draw up a new model of the atom that is now the accepted view



**Henry Moseley**
Born: November 23, 1887 Died:August 10, 1915 Hailed From:England 1913 discovered the charges of atomic nuclei and that an elements atomic number is the same as the number of protons through the use of x ray spectrum. Both discoveries allowed for more accurate placement of elements on the periodic table.

He was born in England, went to school and eventually ended up studying under Rutherford where he did his work with X Rays. He was however, tragically killed in the war in 1915, eliminating the possibility of him having any more of an influence on science.



James Chadwick
Born: October 20, 1891 Died: July 24, 1974 Hailed From: England 1932 proved the existence of neutrons

He was a brilliant young man and graduated college with honors in Physics. Following graduating he went and worked under Rutherford for several years. Following his work under Rutherford he went on to Cavendish Laboratories where he discovered the neutron. He did this through bombarding helium atoms with alpha particles.

Neils Bohr
Born: Oct. 7,1885 Died: November 18, 1962 Hailed From: Denmark

Neils Bohr grew up in a very intellectual family. His father was a renowned physiologist and his mother was from a family that was well known in the field of education. He went to college and eventually worked under Rutherford which was where he came up with the Bohr Model and came up with the idea that the electrons in atoms travel around orbits and each orbit has a certain energy level. He also determined that the outer orbits predominantly determined the behavior of the atoms.



This planetary model shows the path of the electrons in the path that Bohr suggested to be the path that they follow. It is within these paths that Bohr suggests gives the atom its properties due to bonding based off of the valence electrons.

**Erwin Schrödinger**
Born: August 12, 1887 Died: January 4, 1961 Hailed From: Vienna 1933 wrote Schrodinger's equation.

He was an absolutely brilliant man that had numerous interests through out his life. He initially completed a degree in chemistry and then moved on to painting, followed by botany. He had a very wide field of interests including poetry, ancient grammar. During his life he did numerous thing but he is most famous for his work on the Schrodinger Equation.

He wrote the equation because he was dissatisfied with the quantum condition in Bohr's model of electron orbits and energy levels.

Werner Heisenberg
Born: December 5, 1901 Died: February 1, 1976 Hailed From: Germany 1932 Came up with the idea of uncertainty of the electrons location in the electron clouds at a certain point. He pointed out the flaw in Bohr's planetary theory of the electron cloud as it is impossible to know exactly where an electron is in space, or in its orbit at any certain point.

He was a bright young man. He studied under some great physicists and by the time he was 23 he had written his first theory of quantum mechanics. He then later on in life after working for the Germans in World War Two, to point out the flaw in Bohr's theory on the electron cloud configuration. Following that he "Stated his famous //principle of uncertainty//, which lays it down that the determination of the position and momentum of a mobile particle necessarily contains errors the product of which cannot be less than the quantum constant //h// and that, although these errors are negligible on the human scale, they cannot be ignored in studies of the atom."



Glen Seaborg
Born:April 19, 1912 Died: February 25, 1999 Hailed From: USA, Michigan 1942-1946 discovered elements from Plutonium all the way up to 102 on the periodic table.

He was a brilliant man. He graduated valedictorian from high school, then went on to get a PhD. in chemistry. Following that he worked with several people in labs, was appointed to the Atomic Energy Commission by Truman and was the advisor to Kennedy. He also was and still is the only person to ever have an element named after them while they are living.

Albert Einstein
Born: March 14, 1879 Died: April 18, 1955 Hailed From: Germany 1921

Albert Einstein was a brilliant man who through his childhood attended many schools as his family moved about. He was a brilliant man who managed to succeed despite all of these moves. As his life progressed he held several jobs as professors and scientists. From early 1900's on some of his more famous works came about including his most famous among the lay people, the theory of Relativity, or E=MC2. He received the Nobel prize in physics in1921.

Gerhard Herzberg
Born: December 25, 1904 Died: March 3, 1999 Hailed From: Germany 1971

Gerhard Herzberg was born in Hamburg, Germany. He had two kids, and a wife who he was widowed in 1971. He studied with several people and at several Universities. He held many positions and has received numerous honors such as being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Canada, among numerous others. He was awarded the Nobel prize for furthering the knowledge of the electron structure and the layout of the atom.

 ·  http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cool_stuff/images/electron_cloud_sm.jpg  ·   ( http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_acc/sec_learning.asp?CID=1042&DID=4057 )  ·  <span style="COLOR: green; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">[|www.empirecontact.com] <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"> ( http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_acc/sec_learning.asp?CID=1072&DID=4090 ) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554836/joseph_proust.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://library.thinkquest.org/19662/high/eng/biog-millikan.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/seaborg-bio.html <span style="COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="COLOR: green; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">[|www.barbelith.com] <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html <span style="COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="COLOR: green; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">[|www.uk-astronomy.com] <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://library.thinkquest.org/19662/high/eng/exp-millikan.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://library.thinkquest.org/19662/high/eng/biog-millikan.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moseley <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_moseley.htm <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html <span style="COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="COLOR: green; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"> commons.wikimedia.org <span style="COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="COLOR: green; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html <span style="COLOR: green; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> ·  <span style="COLOR: green; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/herzberg-bio.html