Carroll.Michael.Timeline.Fall.2011

Democritus Democritus was a Philosopher born in Abder in about the year 460 BC. He was part of a noble family and was blessed with great wealth. After the death of his father he began to travel the world to places like, Egypt, Ethiopia, Persia and India. After returning to Abdera he gave lectures and experimented with nature in order to receive the rites of burial which he was stripped of because of leaving Abdera according to Abdera law. He came up with the theory of matter in which everything was made of something even dead space and the theories of density and volume which all relate back to matter. Also had theories of motion and all its effects on nature. Mostly all his experiments came to the one conculsionnof gravity which he loosely discovered but for his day was a triumphant accomplishment.



John Dalton John Dalton was a Quaker born in Cumberland, England in 1766. He was a teacher and public lecturer for most of his career starting at the young age of 12. After being a teacher for 10 years at the Kendal School, a Quaker boarding school, he moved to Manchester and began teaching there. The first writings he presented in Manchester were known as “Daltonism”, which was research on color blindness. He began studying atomism through meteorology. He then went on to study and improve on many scientist theories before him such as, [|Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac] (creator of Charles’s Law), [|Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier], and [|Humphrey Davy]. He then created the first periodic table which calculating atomic weights and determining likely atomic compounds. He wound name his theories the New System of Chemical Philosophy.



Joseph John Thomson JJ as he was more commonly known as was born in Manchester on December 18th, 1856. He would get several degrees from many colleges but mostly was dedicated to Trinity College where he was a Fellow in 1880. In 1897 JJ suggested that there was something even smaller than the known atom of time. He would call these sub-atomic particles electrons which he believed were over 1000 times smaller than the atom. He would conduct the cathode ray tube experiment. He used a Crookes tube with a light shooting through it and when he realized that when the tube came close to a magnate the light would bend. This is where he realized it had a charge and that was the electron. This was the first discovery of what made up an atom and then on to be the foundation for other scientist to examine the atom more and to find out the many tiny parts of the atom. With his work with the Crooks tube in the Cathode Ray Tube experiment he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906.



Wilhelm C. Rontgen Rontgen was born in a province of Germany in 1845. At the age of three he and his family moved to The Netherlands and attended the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn. After his many years of studying he would later discover the First X-Ray in 1895 in which he proved by photographing his hand and showing the bones which laid under his skin.



Antoine Henri Becquerel Antoine more commonly known as Henri was born on the 15th on December in 1852. He came from a family of great scientist. His father was a Professor of Applied Physics who had done experiments on solar radiation and his grandfather, Antoine Caesar, was a Fellow of the Royal Society who invented an electronic method for taking metals out of its ore. In 1896 while experimenting with other theories he discovered radioactivity. He wrapped potassium uranyl sulfate in photographic plates and black material. He noticed the plates were already exposed stumbling upon the first evidence of nuclear radiation. For his great accidental find he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903.



Marie Curie Marie Caurie was born November 7, 1867 in Warsaw. She did elementary and high school at local schools with additional education from her parents. Then in 1891 she took her studies to Paris to pursue a degree at the Sorbonne Mathematical Sciences. There she met her future husband Pierre Curie, who was a professor in the Physics School in 1894. He then followed her husband as the head of the physics department after he left the position and earned her PhD of sciences in 1903. She would take the position of Professor of General Physics after her husband passed away in 1906. She would be the first woman to ever hold this position. Her most notable accomplishments were isolation of polonium and her developed methods for the separation of radium from its radioactive state which then made it easier to experiment with this element. She received along with her husband a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 for their studies of the spontaneous radiation discoveries.



Ernest Rutherford Rutherford was from down under in New Zealand Where he was born on August 30, 1871. He received a public education and then enrolled in Nelson Collegiate School at the age of 16. There he was awarded the University Scholarship in 1889. Rutherford’s discovery came in 1921 along with Niels Bohr when he believed there was something else to the atom that was not discovered yet. He conducted an experiment in which he shot rays a piece of foil with he smashed down as thin as he could possibly get it. This is where he discovered that the light didn’t just go right through but seemed like it had hit something with some rays being redirected in different spots. This is when he came up with the theory of the nucleus and his theory would later be confirmed by his partner Chadwick. For the discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize of Chemistry in 1908.



Robert Millikan Millikan was an American born scientist born in Morrison, Ill in March of 1868. His father was a reverend but the money was with his grandparents who were of Old New England Stock and were one of the first to settle in the Midwest in before 1950. He attends high school in rural Iowa. After working for a short time he enrolled in Oberlin College in Ohio in 1886. From there he taught elementary physics and this is where he sparked in interest in the science and then began to further educate himself in this path. In 1908 he conducted an experiment that would change science forever. He created a chamber that dripped oil while a known ray was shot at the falling oils. This studies lead on for him and his graduate student Harveey Flecter were able to calculate very closely the charge of the electron. This number lead to figures that are used today like electron’s mass and Avogadro’s number. Millikan would be a selfish prick and take full credit and would solely receive the Nobel Prize in 1923.



Niels Henrik David Bohr Born on October 7, 1885 in Copenhagen where he lived out his childhood and later on attended Copenhagen where he received his masters in physics in 1909 and his PhD in 1911 under the guidance of Professor C. Christiansen. During his time at Copenhagen he received many awards and was a very respected by the faculty and student body. Bohr won award from the Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen for an experiment in which he found a solution to a scientific problem. His most notable work was in 1913 after working a few years with great scientist like J.J. Thomson and Rutherford when he used concepts from Planck’s Quantum Theory and eventually came out with a picture model. He would be recognized for his great discovery in 1922 by being awarded the Noble Prize



Erwin Schrodinger Erwin was born in Vienna in August 1887 on the 12th day of the month. After a great education in Vienna where his ancestors had settled for many many years he became an Italian Paiter. He would then soon switch to science where he would leave behind a greater legacy behind then as a painter. He made a major breakthrough around 1920 after taking the experiment and discoveries of Bohr. He would come up with a theory of probability function for Hydrogen. This would later result in a Cloud like model with would be named, yes you guessed it The Cloud Model. For his work with Hydrogen and the Cloud Model he would be presented with the Nobel Prize of Physics in 1933.



Werner Heisenberg Werner was born in Wurzburg in December 1901. He was the son of a pristine professor at the University of Munich. Werner did his early schooling at Maximillian School in Munich and then in 1920 he enrolled at the University of Munich he his father had worked. He was one of the leading scientists of the 20th century with his most important work being his contributions to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1925 he invented matrix mechanics, which was the first version of quantum mechanics. Then after years of studying and experiment with Max Bohr and Einstein he published a book in 1928 called The Physical Principals of Quantum Theory. Due to his discoveries or new areas of science and outstanding research he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932.



James Chadwick Chadwick was born in England in October of 1891. From there he did all his schooling in Manchester thru high school and even in to college where in 1908 he began at Manchester University. Eafter graduating from Honours School of Physics in 1911 he, like Bohr, worked with Rutherford. After he worked elsewhere during WWI Chadwick returned to work with Rutherford who was now in Cambridge in 1919. Here is where the two were “bombarding” nitrogen with alpha particles this was the first artificially formed nuclear transformation. Also Chadwick did his greatest know work here in studying properties and structure of the atomic nuclei and finding great discoveries which he was also awarded with the Noble Prize in 1935.



Small, spherical, solid, indivisible model  This model is better known as Dalton’s model of the atom. Dalton’s theory was that all mass was made up of matter. Which in his day sounded more like all things is made up of smaller things. The model that Dalton draws is just a basic sphere than would later be known as an atom. The small and indivisible parts go hand and hand in a way such that these atoms are so small that they are the most reduced piece of all matter. For his time Dalton found a great discovery with an unbelievable model which would be the stepping stones for scientist to come and discover more about this great find.



Electron Cloud Model  The electron cloud model was founded by Neils Bohr in 1913. The model shows that there is something else to an atom then just the atom itself. The theory that Bohr has and shows in this model is that an atom has small charged particles that are attracted to the center but fly around with in a certain area. For me I like to think of this model like the universe gone crazy all the planets rotating around the sun in whichever way they please but never extend past a certain point.



Plum Pudding Model  The plum pudding model by JJ Thomson is simply just pudding with plums mixed throughout. Although it seems stupid it was a great discovery and reviled important information about the atom. The atom was to show that there were electrons in an atom but was just still in a form of gas inside a sphere. Although he was not completely right in what the electron does he still discovered electrons and that an atom had a charge.



Rutherford-Bohr model  With the electron found and it’s known to float around in the atom Rutherford and Bohr both wanted to look deeper into the atom. In the early parts of the 20th century the two worked together studying and do experiments with the atom. Until one day they came to a major breakthrough in find more information about the electron. They found that the electron orbits around the nucleus like the plants around the sun. The difference between this model and Bohr’s other model was that they found not that the electrons move put they move in a certain way in a certain pattern.



Planetary Model  This model was ground breaking. No it’s was not the most knowledgeable thing we know to do but it was discovered 100 years ago. Again Rutherford was playing around with electrons and how they move act relate bond and all that good stuff. They he found that they would be grouped in layers. With each layer holding a certain number of electrons and then growing in size as more electron were added, in certain cases as we know. This model was an extraordinary find for the science that was known to date and is still used to day like all these models in modern science.

