Fall2008.MMA.Midura.Timeline

(460-371 B.C.) Democritus is the founder of the atomic hypothesis "All matter consists of smallest (indivisible) entities (atoms), separated by empty space. Combinations of the different kinds of atoms form all the things in nature." His idea continued that all these little atomas form together to form bigger clusters that group together to what we see today in everything we see and touch. He also believed that these clusters were what made up the certain things specific characteristics.



Aristotle (384 B.C. - 322 B.C.) Born in Stagira, Thrace. said that the world was made up of four elements which the universe was constructed with. (earth, fire, water, and air) He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Democritus spent the inheritance his father left him to travel the world and gain a lot of knowladge. Epricus (341–270 B.C.) Born in a greek colony in Samos. adopted atomism from democritus and layed down the intellectual foundations for madern science and for secular individualism. Epricus said that " all objects and events—including human lives—are in reality nothing more than physical interactions among minute in destructable partivcle. As they fall toward the center of the earth, atoms swerve from their paths to collide with each other and form temporary compound beings."

Robert Boyle born in Lismore and lived from (1627 - 1691) Robert Boyle studied the relationship between the pressure and the volume of a confined gas held at a constant temperature. Boyle observed that the product of the pressure and volume are observed to be nearly constant. The product of pressure and volume is exactly a constant for an ideal gas. Sir Isaac Newton born on December 25, 1642 in woolsthorpe, England. He went to school at Trinity College in Cambridge in 1661 but when the plague came the school was shut down. Newton spent time after that making discoveries in mathematics, optics, and physics and laid down the foundation for modern science.In mechanics, Newton enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into a visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound. Newton shared credit in developing differential and integral calculus and developed whats called "newton's method"

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) Bernoulli was born in Groningen, in the Netherlands.was a Dutch-Swiss mathematician who is remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, fluid mechanics, and for his work in statistics and probability. He is the earliest writer who attempted to formulate a kinetic theory of gas. Bernoulli's 1766 analysis of smallpox morbidity and mortality data to demonstrate the efficacy of vaccinaion was one of the earliest attempts to analyse a statistical problem involving censored data.

John Dalton (6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) born in Eaglesfield, England. created the atomic theory which states that "matter is composed of extremely small units called atoms" and he also was able to calculate the first atomic wieghts. he said that shortage in colour perception was caused by discolouration of the liquid medium of the eyeball. his five main points of the atomic theory are: Julius Plucker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) He was a german mathametician and physisist and is well known for his Plucker Formula which states, "a nonsingular curve of degree n has a duel curve of degree n(n-1), but a singular curve of degree n with d douple points and c cusps has degree n(n-1)-2d-3c."
 * Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms.
 * All atoms of a given element are identical.
 * The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element; the atoms of different elements can be distinguished from one another by their respective relative weights.
 * Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form chemical compounds; a given compound always has the same relative numbers of types of atoms.
 * Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, nor destroyed in the chemical process; a chemical reaction simply changes the way atoms are grouped together.

Dmitri Mendeleev (8 February 1834 – 2 February 1907), he was the creator of the first version of the periotic table. he also predicted the properties of elements that haven't been discovered at that time. he made a hypothesis that there existed two chemicl elements that had less atomic weight than hydrogen. He thought the lighter element was an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, coronium//.//

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Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) He was a german physist who discovered electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength also known as the x-ray. the first image taken of an x-ray picture is his own wife's hand. at first he thought he was looking at his own death but then realized that the x-ray reflects off of solid objects and passes through soft objects. Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) Becquerel was a french pysicist. He was the first person to discover radioactivity. He was doing experiaments to gain a better insite into how Roentgens x-rays work. While working with the x-rays he discovered that uranium salts on the photographic plates makes the plates become exposed through the radiation from the salts J.J. Thompson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940). He was a british physist who discovered the electron and isotopes. He was also the creater of the mass spectrometer. Thomson created the cathode ray tube and did a series of experiments using cathode rays and cathode ray tubes leading him to the discovery of electrons and subatomic particles.Thompson was such a good teache that seven of his research assistants and his aforementioned son won Nobel Prizes in physics. he aslo did experiments on the conduction of electricity of gases which helped him win the nobel prize. Marie Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934)She did most of her research with her husband in france. She was the first person to discover polonium and radium. Also she created the theory of radioactivity. When she was studying uranium, she used a mineral called pitchblende, which contained a lot of uranium, but also something for times as active as uranium. She was able to seperate the substance from the pitchblende and discovered how radioactive it was. She called this new element radium, which is a radioactive decay product of uranium.

Robert Millikan (March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) Millikan is famous for finding the charge of an electron, which is 1.592e-19 coulomb, by using his oil-drop experiment. They did this by balancing the electric and gravitational forces on atomized charged oil droplets suspended between two metal charged plates. Knowing the electric field, the charge on the oil droplet could be determined. After repeating the experiment over and over again for many droplets, they found that the values measured were always multiples of the same number. They interpreted this as the charge on a single electron: 1.602 × 10−19 coulomb.

Ernest Rutherford (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) Rutherford was a physicist born in Brightwater New Zeland. He is greatly known as the father of nuclear physics. He used his gold foil experiment to find the nucleus of the atom and the proton. He studied at Havelock School and then Nelson College and won a scholarship to study at Canterbury collage.He was able to coin the terms alpha and beta to describe two different types of radiation emmitted by thorium and uranium during his investigation of radioactivity. He also discovered the half-life of radioactive material.

Rutherford measured the deflection of alpha particles directed onto a sheet of very thin gold foil. The gold foil was surrounded by a circular sheet of zinc sulfide which was used as an indicator. The zinc sulfide sheet would light up when hit with alpha particles. Under the prevailing plum pudding model, the alpha particles should all have been deflected by a few degrees at the most. But they observed that a very small percentage of particles were deflected through angles larger than 90 degrees. From this observation Rutherford was able to observe and deduct the central structure of the atom. albert einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) Einstein was a high school drop out and failed to get into collage but was still able to be one of a worlds greatest genius.Einstein is known for his knowladge and acheivements in general relativity, special relitivity, brownian motion, photoelectic effect, Einstein feild equations, mass-energy equivalence, unified feild theory, Bose-Einstein statistics, and EPR paradox. He was also the winner of the physics Nobel prize in 1921. Neils Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) He described the atomic structure in detail and also worked on quantum mechanics, as well as the Manhatten Project with Robert Openheimer and Albert Einstien. His major contribution to the atomic structure, was that the atom had electrons orbiting around the nucleus in orbital shells. This model is only a modified version of Rutherfords model, and for the most part are grouped together and known as the Rutherford-Bohr model.

The Rutherford-Bohr model concluded that electrons revolve in orbits that don't emit any radiation; each electron in each orbit has a fixed amount of energy, with the outer orbits having stronger and stronger energy; electrons can jump from higher energy fields to lower ones causing a photon electromagnetic radiation such as light; and an electron may also absorb a photon of radiation and jump from lower energy to higher energy orbits. The Rutherford-Bohr model mostly concluded the actions of the electrons and how they react with other substances and within their own orbits.

Erwin Schrodinger (12 August 1887 - 4 january 1961) was born in Vienna and went to school at the University of Vienna. He was an artillary officer in World War 1. Schrodinger was one of the main architects of quantum mechanics. He developed the wave mechanics that became the second formulation of quantum mechanics. Schrodinger’s equation is one of the most basic equations of quantum mechanics. Schrodinger’s wave equation are wave functions that can only be related to probable occurrence of physical events. his wave equation is a mathematically sound atomic theory. It is regarded by many as the single most important contribution to theoretical physics in the twentieth century. Schrodinger’s book called “What is Life?” led to progress in biology. James chadwick (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire. He went to Bollington Cross C of E Primary School, attended Manchester highschool, and studied at the Universities of Manchester and cambridge. In 1913 Chadwick went and worked at the Technical university of Berlin. In 1932 he discovered the neutron in the atom that has no charge.

Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901–1 February 1976) Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist born in Wuzburg germany. He is the founder of quantum mechanics and for th uncertainty principle in quantom theory. He also played a large role in Germany's nuclear fission research during world war 2. after that he got into elementary particle physics and West German science policy.