Fall.2008.MMA.Campbell.Keane.Timeline


 * Democritus-http://www.nndb.com/people/790/000087529/**



Born 460BC Died 370 BC Democritus's influence on Chemistry was Atoms. He thought that everything was made from atoms. However all the atoms were not mixed Elements but atoms of what ever he was looking at. So a rock was made of atoms of a rock, a river was made of atoms of water. grass was made of atoms of grass.

Ernest Rutherford- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html



Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand on August 30, 1871. Rutherford because of all his discoveries became known as the father of nuclear physics. Rutherford researched the transmutation of elements. During these experiments Rutherford discovered the “half-life” of a sample of radioactivity. He conducted the experiments that discovered the nuclear part of atoms. His interpretation of this experiment led him to the way we learned about atoms in middle school the plum pudding model otherwise known as the Rutherford model of the atom. It had a very small positively charged nucleus orbited by electrons. He was the first scientist to make one element into another at the time he converted nitrogen into oxygen. He is also responsible for the “gold-foil” experiment.



Gold Foil

 Plum Pudding Model

Erwin Schrödinger- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html

Erwin Schrödinger was born in Vienna on August 12, 1887. He went to the University of Vienna where he received his degree. His major contribution to chemistry was Schrödinger's wave equation. He came up with this because he felt that Neils Bohr’s theory was not sufficient and right. He felt as though the atomic spectra Should be laid out by a eigenvalue problem. Together with Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac they came up with the new productive form of atomic theory.

J.J. Thompson- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html 

J.J. (Joseph John) Thompson was born in Cheetham Hill on December 18, 1856. Thompson’s first real interest in the atomic structure was easy to notice in his writing or the //Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings//. He received most of his education at trinity and remained there for the rest of his life. He went from student to lecturer and then became a professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He came to America to give a series of lectures to the students at Princeton and when he returned home he had done the most important work of his time. He discovered the electron using cathode rays. This is a huge discovery for chemistry and changed the way we looked at atoms to the way we do now.

James Chadwick- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html



James Chadwick was born in England on October 20th, 1891. He attended Manchester University and received his degree from the Honours School of Physics. Chadwick’s big influence on chemistry was when he accomplished the transmutation of light elements. He did this by bombarding them with alpha particles. In doing this he could study the structure of the atoms nucleus. Which lead to him proving that neutrons were real. Chadwick’s discoveries lead to the atomic bomb.

John Dalton- http://www.bookrags.com/biography/john-dalton/



John Dalton was born in Eaglesfield in 1766. He is credited with many achievements his number one was his atomic theory, because of his atomic theory we now have chemistry. John Dalton began his teaching career at the age of 12 then worked as a farm hand until he was 15 when he returned to teaching. By no way was John Dalton the perfect chemist he was not exact with anything and most of his conclusions were assumed, however almost always his conclusions were correct. His atomic theory first was made public when he presented it in front of the Literary and Philosophical Society. He came to his conclusions almost by accident. His passion for gases led him to discover that when two gases were mixed instead of layering like oil and water do because of their density they became a homogeneous mixture. These lead to his atomic theory which alone created the division of science called chemistry.

Marie Curie- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html



Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867. She received her first doctor degree at the Sorbonne. Throughout the years she also received many honorary degrees and memberships to prestige universities and societies. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for her services to the advancement of chemistry by discovering the elements radium and polonium and her work in isolating radium and the study of the nature and compounds of the element. Her studies on these elements made a very considerable impact on our world in health related areas and others as well.

Michal Faraday- http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/faraday_michael.shtml



Michal Friday was born in North London on September 100nd 1996. He grew up in a poor family and only received a basic education. When he was 14 he got a job at a book binder and that is where he began to teach himself. In 1812 he attended lectures at the Royal Institution give by chemist Humphry Davy. After that he began working as an assistant to him and in 1814 he was invited by Humphry Davy to accompany him around Europe while they conducted experiments with the best chemists in Europe. In 1831 he discovered the reasoning behind the electric transformer and generator which he called electromagnetic induction. In this he came up with the names electrode and ion. These we use today to describe the electrical parts of atoms.

NEILS BOHR- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html



Rutherford-Bohr Model
 * Niels Henrik David Bohr** was born in Copenhagen on October 7, 1885. He went to Copenhagen University and received his doctor’s Degree. While he was at the college there was a contest to see if anyone could solve a specific scientific problem and he did his on the investigation of surface tension by means of oscillating fluid jets. He won the contest and received a gold medal and his experiment and theories were published in the //Transactions of the Royal Society//. Neils studies after college became more theoretical. In the fall of 1911 he was in Cambridge working with Sir J.J. Thomson on experiments and theories in the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1913 some of his work was published in the //Philosophical Magazine// this work was his work on absorption of alpha rays. His main focus was on the constitution of the atomic nucleolus, and of their transmutations and disintegrations. Over all his years he produced over 115 publications that were a very big part in how we now see atoms.

Robert Millikan- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html

Oil Drop experiment

Robert Millikan was born in Illinois on March 22nd, 1868. He received his degree at Columbia University. His main contribution to Chemistry was his Oil drop experiment. In this he was able to be the first person to successfully measure the charge of an electron.

Werner Heisenberg- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html



Werner Heisenberg was born in Würzburg on December 5th, 1901. He got his doctor’s degree at University of Munich. His most noted chemistry discovery was of the allotropic forms of hydrogen which was part of his theory of quantum mechanics. This contradicted what Neils Bohr had determined earlier about electrons orbiting an atom like the planetary system. He used matrices to describe how the electrons moved around the atom in an abstract formation almost at random.

Electron Cloud model

Leucippus- (http://www.aetheoraem.com/Leucippus1.jpg)

Leucippus, born in Elea Circa 1450BC. The Greek tradition regarded Leucippus as the founder of atomism in physics. Little is known about him, and his views are hard to distinguish from those of his associate Democritus. He is sometimes said to have been a student of Zeno of Elea, and to have devised the atomist philosophy.