422-004+N.+sherman+and+N.+swanson+big+timeline+project


 * __A Brief History of the Atom__**
 * 1. Anaximander** 610-546B.C
 * 2. Democritus** ~ 470 to 380 B.C
 * 3. Aristotle** 384 B.C. to 322 B.C
 * 4. Robert Boyle** 1627-1691
 * 5. Charles Coulomb** 1736-1806
 * 6. Antoine Lavoisier** 1743-1794
 * 7. Rene Hauy 1743-1822**
 * 8. John** **Dalton** 1766-1844
 * 9. James Clark Maxwell** 1831-1879
 * 10. Wilhelm** **Conrad** **Rontgen** 1845-1923
 * 11. Henri** **Becquerel** 1852-1908
 * 12. JJ** **Thompson** 1856-1940
 * 13. Marie** **Curie** 1867-1934
 * 14. Robert** **Milikan** 1868-1953
 * 15. Ernest** **Rutherford** 1871-1937
 * 16. Erwin** **Schrodinger** 1877-1961
 * 17. Niehls** **Bohr** 1885-1962
 * 18. James** **Chadwick** 1891-1974
 * 19. Werner** **Heisenberg** 1901-1976

ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN CHEMISTS __**Anaximander** (Miletus 610-546 B.C)__ Hometown: Miletus Contribution: Anaximander was the first known philosopher to record his studies.

__**Democritus**__ (circa 460-270 BC) Hometown: Abdera, Thrace (Greece) Contribution: Democritus stated all matter is composed of eternal, indivisible, indestructable and indefinately small substances that cling together.

__**Aristotle**__ (Greece 384-322 BC) Hometown: Greece Contribution: Aristotle stated that all of earth was composed of four elements: fire, earth, water, and air. He said that these four elements were fundamental. IE dryness and heat went with fire, heat and moisture with the air, moisture and cold with water, and cold and dryness with the earth, like one big cycle.


 * __CHEMISTS BETWEEN 1700 AND1800__**

__**Antoine Lavoisier** (1743-1794)__ Hometown:France Contribution: This man is considered the founder of modern chemistry. He proved that an atom of an element can not be broken down into anything smaller than an atom.

__**Charles Coulomb** (France 1736-1806)__ Hometown:Angouleme, France Contribution: He is very important in history for his studies on mechanics, electricity, and magnetism. Coulomb is very famous for finding the SI unit for charge. This unit was named after him, and is called the coulomb.

__**John Dalton**__ (England 1766-1844) Hometown: England Contribution: John was not only a chemist, but a physicist and a meteorologist. He created the terms "matter", "element", and "compound". His theories were that all matter was made up of atoms, which cannot be split or destroyed, and that all atoms of an element are identical. Compounds are a combination of more than one of the same atoms. Finally, a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. His model was a spherical, small and indivisible.

__**CHEMISTS BETWEEN 1800 AND 1875**__

__**James Clark Maxwell** (England 1831-1879)__

James Clark Maxwell was the first to connect electricity and magnetism in which they are part of the same thing. knowing this he predicted accelerating charges radiate waves at the speed of light. The wave that he predicted are known as electromagnetic waves.

Hometown: Germany Contribution: Willhelm is most famous for discovering what we know today to be x-rays, which won him the first Nobel Prize for Physics back in 1901. It all happened when he was experimenting with a Crookes Tube, and added a thin aluminum window so the cathode rays could escape, but he put it a piece of cardboard in front of the window. When he removed the cardboard, he noticed that it had a fluorescent effect. He then decided to put his wife's hand in front of the window, and put a piece of cardboard behind her hand. He turned off the lights, and turned the crooks tube on. When he took a look a look at the cardboard he saw her skeleton.
 * Wilhelm C. Röntgen** (Germany 1845-1923)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg/220px-Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg width="137" height="213" align="right"]]

__**Henri Becquerel**__ (France 1852-1908) Hometown: Paris, France Contribution: Henri accidentally discovered radioactivity while studying phosphorescence in uranium. For his experiment, he wrapped potassium uranyl sulfate, in photographic plates and black material in preparation for another experiment requiring bright sunlight. However, before he actually performed the experiment, Becquerel found that the photographic plates were fully exposed, which led him to discover that the light came from emissions of radioactivity.

Hometown: Manchester, England Contribution: J.J discovered not only discovered the atom, but he also created a new model of the atom, which was dubbed "the plum pudding model". He said that the tiny negative charge electrons must be embedded in a cloud of posative charge since atoms have no charge.
 * J.J. Thomson** (England 1856-1940)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jj-thomson2.jpg/250px-Jj-thomson2.jpg width="168" height="193" align="right"]]

Hometown: Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire Contribution: Marie is arguably the most famous woman scientist. She won the Nobel Prize for her discovery of radioactivity, with the help of her husband, Piere. Her discovery came while studying Polonium and Radium. However, all that experimenting with radioactivity led to her demise in 1934.
 * Marie Curie** (1867-1934)[[image:mariecurie.jpg width="127" height="194" align="right"]]

Hometown: United States Contribution: MIllikan worked in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. He is most famous for discovering the correct charge carried by an electron using the "falling-drop method", which also led to finding that this quantity is constant for all electrons.
 * Robert Millikan** (1868-1953)[[image:millikan.jpg width="136" height="191" align="right"]]

Hometown: Perth, Scotland Contribution: Ernest is know as the "father" of nuclear physics. He discovered that radioactivity was the spontaneous disintegration of atoms. He concluded that an atom is like a planetary system, with lots of open space, a nucleus in the center, with electrons orbiting around it.
 * Ernest Rutherford** (1871-1937)[[image:rutherford1.jpg width="140" height="198" align="right"]]


 * __CHEMISTS BETWEEN 1875 AND 1900__**

Hometown: Austria Contribution: Erwin contributed to the wave theory of matter and other parts of quantum mechanics. This wave theory described the behavior of electrons and atoms.
 * Erwin Schrö****dinger** (1877-1961)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger.jpg/200px-Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger.jpg width="166" height="214" align="right"]]

Hometown: Copenhagen, Denmark Contribution: Niels is most famous for discovering that electrons don't flow freely around the nucleus, but rather travel in an orbit. He also stated that there are more electrons on the outside orbits than the inner ones. Finally, he stated that when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to an inner one, it produces radiation.
 * Niels Bohr** (1885-1962)[[image:Neils_Bohr.JPG width="165" height="208" align="right"]]

Hometown: England Contribution: Chadwick is most famous for discovering the neutron, and that they had no electrical charge.
 * James Chadwick** (1891-1974)

__**CHEMISTS BETWEEN 1900 AND 1950**__

Hometown: Würzburg, Germany Contribution: Heisenberg is one of the founders of quantum mechanics. His work played a major part in the discovery of chemical bonding (1952). In 1927 he published his uncertainty principle.
 * Werner Heisenberg** (Germany 1901-1976)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/180px-Werner_Heisenberg.jpg/250px-180px-Werner_Heisenberg.jpg width="167" height="181" align="right"]]

=__Atom Models__=

**1) Small, Spherical, Solid, Indivisible Model**

 * Date Developed:** unknown
 * Explanation:** This is the first thoughts of what an atom could possibly have looked like. This model was created by John Dalton.

**2) Electron Cloud Model**
This model was develpoed in 1920 and includes a nucleus and an electron cloud. The electron cloud has negatively charged electrons moving around in it. The Nucleus has 2 particles in it. One is the positively charged protons and the others are neutral charged neutrons in the nucleus.

3) Plum Pudding Model[[image:Plum_Pudding_Art_1.JPG width="161" height="173" align="right" caption="Plum_Pudding_Art_1.JPG"]]
This model was discovered in 1904 and shows that electrons are covering the entire atom. Covering those negatively charged electrons are positive charges. These two charges balance each other out.

4) Rutherford-Bohr Model[[image:http://www.newsandevents.utoronto.ca/bios/askusimages/atomsm.jpg align="right"]]
Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense positively charged nucleus surrounded by negative electrons in 1913.

5) Planetary Model
This model was discovered in 1915 and shows that the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are orbited by electrons. The number of protons determines which element it is, the number of electrons determines its charge, and the number of neutrons determines which isotope of the element is represented.

= = = = = = = = =__World Events__=

Ancient 1.Red Sea canal was re-excavated by Ptolomies - 285 B.C. 2. Rome begins exerting power over other Mediterranean countries - 269 B.C. 3.Qin dynasty unites all of China for the first time - 221 B.C.

466-1700 1. Johannes Guttenberg invents the printing press - 1450 2. Christopher columbus discovers America - 1492 3. A patent is granted for the thimble. - 1684

1700- 1800 1.The Declaration of Independance - 1776 2. The French Revolution begins - 1789 3. George Washington retires - 1796

1800-1875 1. Napoleon suffers his final defeat in Waterloo - 1815 2. Pony Express is replaced by first transcontinental telegraph. - 1861 3. Otto Von Bizmark unites Germany a victory in the franco-prussian war - 1872

1875-1900 1. Crazy Horse Dies in a Nebraska prison from stab wounds. - 1877 2. First Baseball World Series ever played - 1884 3. Thomas Alva Edison, invents motion pictures - 1890

1900-1915 1. Boxer Rebellion begins against foreigners in China - 1900 2. Einstein revolutionizes physics - 1905 3. World War I begins - 1914

1915-1950 1. World War I ends - 1918 2. World War II begins - 1939 3. World War II ends - 1945

1950-current 1. Cuban missile crisis brings the world to the brink of nuclear war - 1962 2. Vietnam war begins- 1965 3. Soviet union collapses - 1991


 * __BIBLIOGRAPHY__**

1.) Hopkins, Edward C. "Parthia.Com." __Parthia__. 12 Oct. 2007 http://www.parthia.com/parthia_timeline.htm. 2.) "Laughtergenealogy.Com." __Laughtergenealogy__. 2000. 19 Oct. 2007 http://www.laughtergenealogy.com/bin/histprof/misc/timeline7.html.

3.) "Wikipedia.Com." __Wikipedia__. 20 Oct. 2007 .