Fall.2008.MMA.Owens.Timeline



435 B.C.  Democritus’ discovery of what he called “atomos” which in Greek means “indivisible” or known today as the atom, derived from a simple experiment that can still be performed today. His experiment consisted of taking a rock and crushing a seashell into halves until the seashell became a fine powder. Democritus took the smallest particle in the powder and tried to break it down, but could not. He concluded that these particles were “atomoses” and thus the main building block to every object on Earth. Before he died, Democritus also hypothesized that these tiny particles had properties corresponding to the characteristics of the material. For example, water molecules were smooth and blue, while iron atoms were spiked and rigid.  http://www.aquinasonline.com/Magee/democritus.htm http://www.columbia.k12.mo.us/jjhs/Technology/S&E0506/khanm/democratis.html
 * Democritus** was born circa 460 B.C. and died circa 350 B.C in the leading Greek city called Abdera. Not much is known about Democritus and other ancient philosophers except what was passed down and later written down in documents written by another philosopher named Aristotle. Historians however do know that Democritus was not the creator of the atomic theory. Instead, he learned some of his knowledge from his teacher, Leucippus. Democritus was an average man within the time period of ancient Greece. Discoveries of the early atomic theory consisted of hypotheses and “naked eye” observations. It wasn’t until about 2,000 years later that the next major discovery involving the atomic theory occurred.



320 A.D.  Influenced by Aristotle’s ideas, Alchemists theorized that there were only four classical elements  (rather than that of today's 112 chemical elements ); Earth, Fire, Water, and Air. The Greek philosophers, in order to prove their point, burned a log: The log was the earth, the flames burning it was fire, the smoke being released was air, and the smoldering soot at the bottom was bubbling water. This highly respected group of ancient scientific theorists later explored the idea that there might be a substance which could be found or made in the laboratory that would transmute cheap metals to gold. This substance became known as the Philosopher’s Stone. Alchemists began to devise methods for making the philosopher’s stone. Salt, sulfur, and mercury were some of the main ingredients they used.
 * Alchemists **were a group that became very popular in the Greek-speaking world of Greece, China, India, Persia, and Egypt circa 320 A.D. The alchemists of this time period were the most intellectual people of their time. The word alchemy in the Greek language means “to separate and to join together.” Over an expansive amount of years, alchemy grew more and more acceptable across the world.

http://www.hem.bredband.net/arenamontanus/Mage/alchemy.html|www.hem.bredband.net/arenamontanus/Mage/alchemy.html]] [|[[www.alchemists.com/]]]



350 B.C. Aristotle was born in Stageira, Chalcidice circa 384 BC. At about the age of eighteen, he went to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy. It is during this period in Athens when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works. Aristotle wrote many dialogues, only fragments of which survived. The works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication, as they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students. His most important treatises include Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, and Poetics. While Aristotle opened up great doors to many theories in these treatises, his beliefs in chemistry reversed scientific development. In fact, just as true scientific thinking began to progress, it was drastically set back by Aristotle.  Aristotle proposed a new theory to explain how the four elements of Empedocles and the atoms of Democritus produce the wide range of substances apprehended by our senses. He suggests that there are two pairs of alternatives - hot and cold, moist and dry - which provide the exact nature of matter. In broad terms the four possible combinations are the four elements: earth (cold and dry), air (hot and moist), fire (hot and dry), water (cold and moist). But it is the infinitely variable balance between these qualities which creates the different atoms of stone or wood, bone or flesh. The idea really caught on, especially that of changing cheap metals to gold, and persisted for nearly 2,000 years.

[|[[www.philosophypages.com/ph/aris.htm]]] [|[[www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html]]]



1778 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> It has been said that perhaps Lavoisier most important accomplishments was disprove the <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">phlogiston theory of combustion. Phlogiston was a substance believed to be emitted during combustion and the calcination of metals. Earlier chemists, such as the Germans Johann Becher and George Stahl, believed that a metal was composed of calx and phlogiston, and that burning resulted from the loss of phlogiston. Lavoisier, like some others, saw that it was illogical for anything to have negative weight. To dismantle this false theory Antoine Lavoisier introduced quantitative measurement to the laboratory. In <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; text-underline: none">addition <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> to showing by precise measurement that phlogiston did not exist, Lavoisier's findings also implied that the total weight of the substances taking part in a chemical reaction remains the same before and after the reaction—an early statement of the law of conservation of mass.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Antoine Laurent Lavoisier **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">was born into a wealthy Paris family on August 26th, 1743. Lavoisier parents were both well off. His father was a lawyer, and his mother was a daughter of the wealthy Punctis family. France and most of Europe for that matter during this time was overwhelmed with poverty. The majority of the French population was peasants. Antoine’s family was among the small upper-class and was able to further his education. In spite of his dislike to law, Lavoisier went to law school in fulfillment to his family’s wishes. At age 21, Antoine never practiced law, but instead went to live his dream to study mathematics and science. Lavoisier has been said to be the father of modern chemistry. From disproving the theory of phlogiston to introducing the first use of nomenclature, he did not stop advancing chemistry until his beheading in 1794.

[|[[www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/lavoisier.html]]] [|[[www.cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html]



<span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 1785 <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> Upon his return from Marinique, with the rank of Captain, he was employed at La Rochelle, the Isle of Aix and Cherbourg. In 1785, using an instrument created by Coulomb himself, he discovered an inverse relationship of the force between electric charges and the square of its distance, later named after him as Coulomb's law. The instrument was known as the torsion balance and it works by isolating the electric charge (using insulators) and converts the resultant force into torque allowing it to be easily and accurately measured. Coulomb's torsion balance worked by charging two pith balls, one of which was fixed and one of which was attached to end of needle. This needle was attached to a silver wire, with the wire being attached to a torsion micrometer. This configuration allows the electrical force to be determined by transferring the force into torque.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">Charles Augustin de Coulomb **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">similarly to Lavoisier was born into wealthy French family on June 14th, 1736. His father Henri Coulomb was an inspector of the Royal Fields in Montpellier, while his mother Catherine Bajet came from a wealthy family involved with the wool trade. When Charles was a boy his family moved to France, where Coulomb began to study mathematics and physics. In 1761, Coulomb left college and joined the French Military. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">He initially took part in the <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">survey <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> for the British coastal charts, and was then sent on a mission to <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">Martinique <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> in 1764 to take part in the construction of the <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">Fort Bourbon <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> under the orders of the lieutenant-colonel of Rochemore.

[|[[www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Coulomb.html]]] [|[[www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/estatics/u8l3b.html]



After many years of constant work dealing with analytical chemistry, the French chemist proved that the relative quantities of any given pure chemical compound ’s constituent elements remain invariant, regardless of the compound’s source. This is known as Proust’s law, or the law of definite proportions. The essence of Proust’s law is that chemical substances only truly combine to form a small number of compounds, each of which is characterized by components that combine in fixed proportions by weight. Proust’s formulation and experimental demonstration of this law was exclusively concerned with inorganic binary compounds, such as metallic oxides, sulfides, and sulfates. Starting in 1803, Joseph Proust’s law of definite proportions came under-attack by another French chemist named, Claude-Louis Berthollet. Dalton’s atomic theory provided a simple theoretical underpinning in Proust’s favor for his law of definite proportions. Proust died in his hometown of Angers, France on July 5th, 1826.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">1793 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">Joseph-Louis Proust **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma"> was born on September 26th, 1754 in Angers, France. As a son of an apothecary, Proust was natural prepared for the same occupation. He began his studies with father in Angers and then in Paris, where he also studied chemistry with Hilaire-Martin Rouelle. After schooling in 1780, Proust returned to Paris where he taught chemistry at a private institution. Proust is best known as an analytical chemist, particularly for his hypothetical proposal of the law of definite proportions. Besides his research in his law of definite proportions, Proust also carried out important applied research in metallurgy, explosives , and nutritional chemistry.

[|[[www.nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/biog/b0059.html]]] [|[[www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480555/Joseph-Louis-Proust]]]



<span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma"> Dalton’s atomic theory was his greatest achievement that was developed gradually, almost inadvertently, through a series of observations resulting from his preoccupation with gases. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> The five main points of his atomic theory are: Elements are made of tiny particles called <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">atoms <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">. All atoms of a given <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">element <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> are identical. The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element; the atoms of different elements can be distinguished from one another by their respective relative weights. Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">chemical compounds <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">; a given compound always has the same relative numbers of types of atoms. Lastly, atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, nor destroyed in the chemical process; a <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">chemical reaction <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> simply changes the way atoms are grouped together. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">1803 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">John **<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma"> **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">Dalton **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma"> was the youngest of three surviving children of a Quaker handloom weaver. He was born on Sept. 6, 1766, in Eaglesfield, England. Growing up in a small farming village Dalton spent most of his early youth as a farm helper. At around the age of 15 he began teaching privately to form a solid career foundation for the rest of his life. Besides teaching however, he furthered his own education with meteorology, physics and chemistry. After countless studies dealing with meteorology and gases in the atmosphere, Dalton gave the first accurate evidence dealing with chemistry. He even started organizing his own periodic table with units very precise to the table commonly used today.

[|[[www.nndb.com/people/278/000049131/]]] [[[|www.scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Dalton.html]]]



<span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">1861 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> During William Crookes’ life, he spent most of his days in his private laboratory in London. In 1861 Crooke’s career in chemistry took off when he discovered with the help of spectroscopy, an unknown element which is now known as the element, Thallium. After extensive days and hours of research dealing with thallium and the vacuum balance, Crookes developed what is known today as the Crookes radiometer. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">Crookes investigated the properties of <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">cathode rays <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">, showing that they travel in straight lines, cause <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">phosphorescence <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin"> in objects upon which their impact produces great heat. He believed that he had discovered a fourth state of matter, which in 1903, Crookes turned his attention to the newly discovered phenomena of <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">radioactivity <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">William Crookes **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> was born on June 17th, 1832 in London, England. At the age of only fifteen Crookes attended college at the Royal College of Chemistry. At one of Great Britain’s famous schools he studied both physics and chemistry. Much of Crooke’s work was done in the later stages of his life with his wife back in London. He lived at 7 Kensington Park Gardens where most of his experiments were performed in his own private lab. Throughout much of the 1980’s William Crooke’s work involved spectroscopy and his now famous, “Crooke’s Tube.” Two years after Crooke’s wife passed away, he died on April 4th, 1919.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/crookestube/

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/lanthact/biogs/crookes.html|www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/lanthact/biogs/crookes.html]] [|[[www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Crookes.html]]]



<span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">1869 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> On March 6th, 1869, Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society. During this very informative presentation he described elements according to both weight and valence. This presentation stated that if the elements are arranged in order by their atomic mass, the table exhibits an apparent periodicity of elements. Mendeleev also realized that the table must contain empty spaces in expectation of the discovery of new elements in the future. Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements and predicted several new elements to complete the table. Mendeleev questioned some of the accepted atomic weights, pointing out that they did not correspond to those suggested by this Periodic Law. Ironically, when many Americans of the time period laughed at the belief of there being more elements, Mendeleev’s prediction of Gallium (Ga) and Germanium (Ge), were found to fit exactly in the two spots he had left blank.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> was born on January 26th, 1834 in a little village, near Tobolsk, Russia. Mendeleev was the youngest of 17 siblings in his family. At age 13, his father died and a fire destroyed his mother’s factory. After graduation from college in 1854, an illness that was later diagnosed as tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there, Dmitri became chief science master of the Simferopol gymnasium. He later returned to St. Petersburg with fully restored health in 1857. In the years that followed, Mendeleev was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures where he became obsessed with the subject of chemistry.

[|[[www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/mend.html]]] [|[[www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Mendeleev.html]]]

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-no-proof: yes">  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif">Ernest Rutherford  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand. In Montreal he started to do research with alpha rays. He continued his research and found a method of detecting a single alpha particle that emitted from radium. In 1910 his investigations of scattering alpha rays led him to find the nucleus of an atom. He did this by his gold foil experiment. Also with the help of H. G. Moseley in 1913 he used cathode rays and shot them at different elements and found that each element had an atomic number and that each element was defined by that number. You can watch his experiment of you follow this link. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pZj0u_XMbc <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: white; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">His gold foil experiment consisted of an alpha ray being shot at a very thin piece of gold and when the ray bounced back at him he figure that there was a small place where all the positive mass was the nucleus. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">In 1912 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-themecolor: text1">Niels Bohr <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> joined him at Manchester and they obtained the theory of what an atom looks like the planetary model. They thought that the nucleus was like the sun and the electrons the planets and the electrons went around in a specific orbit and could be traced to a citrine position and time. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">[|http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline//pages/1911.html] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stylised_Lithium_Atom.svg/180px-Stylised_Lithium_Atom.svg.png <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Next he verified Einstein's photoelectric equation experimentally. In doing so he made the first direct photoelectric determination of Planck's constant. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: white; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">emu / <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Next he verified Einstein's photoelectric equation experimentally. In doing so he made the first direct photoelectric determination of Planck's constant. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: white; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">= <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">[|http://images.library.uiuc.edu:8081/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Ftdc&CISOPTR=1225&DMSCALE=100.00000&DMWIDTH=600&DMHEIGHT=600&DMMODE=viewer&DMFULL=0&DMOLDSCALE=28.57143&DMX=0&DMY=0&DMTEXT=&DMTHUMB=1&REC=3&DMROTATE=0&x=3&y=72] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">[|start=3&u]
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">[[image:http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:J6rF9AaiLLLJTM:http://images.encyclopedia.com/ency4beta_getimage.aspx%3Fid%3D2797832%26dochero%3Dyes%26height%3D165%26width%3D165 width="79" height="99" link="http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.encyclopedia.com/ency4beta_getimage.aspx%3Fid%3D2797832%26dochero%3Dyes%26height%3D165%26width%3D165&imgrefurl=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404704472.html&h=165&w=131&sz=26&hl=en&start=4&usg=__cR-xKPFoePXkwmXefLhORTTj9DY=&tbnid=J6rF9AaiLLLJTM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=79&prev=/images%3Fq%3DRobert%2BAndrews%2BMillikan%2B%252B%2Bdiagrams%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den"]]Robert Andrews Millikan **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> was born on the 22nd of March, 1868, in Morrison Illinois U.S.A. His earliest major success was the accurate determination of the charge carried by an electron. He did this by using the falling drop method in his oil drop experiment wich was in 1910. He also saw that there was a constant quantity for all electrons. This experiment provided proof of the atomic structure of electricity. You can watch his experiment if you follow this link <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">[|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMfYHag7Liw] <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">

He became more intrested in the theoretical side of chemestry.1913, he passed on to a study of the structure of atoms on the basis of Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus. By introducing conceptions borrowed from the Quantum Theory as established by Planck, which had gradually come to occupy a prominent position in the science of theoretical physics, he succeeded in working out and presenting a picture of atomic structure. Recognition of his work on the structure of atoms came with the award of the Nobel Prize for 1922. 1936 he pointed out that in nuclear processes the smallness of the region in which interactions take place, as well as the strength of these interactions. then helped with the //liquid droplet theory// (A liquid drop would give a very good picture of the nucleus) permitted the understanding of the mechanism of nuclear fission. then worked on the atomic energy project during War World II. He also went furthurther on the planitary model thouht up by Rutherford. wach this veido on him and what e and his peers did for the atom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-P4N-0Wbtyk&feature=related [|elements.http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html] __ http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/4/41/300px-Bohr-atom-PAR.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/bohr-model&h=261&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=32&um=1&usg=__wGLlaBY2EueR89tsOXcxcZph7eQ=&tbnid=bdbLy8VNinroKM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNiels%2BHenrik%2BDavid%2BBohr%2Batoms%26start%3D18%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS280US280%26sa%3DN __ <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">**Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen** was born on March 27, 1845, at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany. He had a hard time getting threw school because he didn’t have the right credentials. He wrote a lot of papers but his discovery of x-rays was the most important. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">On November 8, 1895,he found if you put a crooks tube in a thick black carton to exclude all light, and if he worked in a dark room, a paper plate covered on one side with barium platinocyanide placed in the path of the rays became fluorescent even when it was as far as two meters from the discharge tube. Then he put objects in the path of the rays and found that the object left an imprint on the plate. The most remembered was the one with his wife’s hand. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">**Joseph John Thomson** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> was born in Cheetham Hill, a suburb of Manchester on December 18, 1856. From there he enrolled in college, first Owens 1n 1870 and then in Trinity in 1876. In 1918 he got his masters from Trinity. Thomson's early interest in atomic structure was reflected in his //Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings// which won him the Adams Prize in 1884. Then he helped write books, and did lectures in America. When he returned he discovered the electron with cathode rays. He announced his discovery to the Royal <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Institution on Friday, April 30, 1897. Hares a video on how he did it. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZabqX-ixmlI
 * [[image:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr.jpg width="119" height="143" caption="Niels Bohr"]]Niels Henrik David Bohr** was born in Copenhagen on October 7, 1885. He got his Master's degree in Physics in 1909 and his Doctor's degree in 1911.

Thomson provided convincing evidence that the rays consisted of charged particles; he measured the ratio of charge to mass and was able to estimate that the mass was equal to about 1/1800 of the mass of a hydrogen atom. He proposed that an atom was made up of positively charged matter and it had electrons scatted through it like plums in plum pudding. This is why it is called the plum pudding model**.** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://www.ece.umd.edu/~taylor/Electrons1.htm <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://original.britannica.com/eb/art-18135/Thomson-atomic-model-William-Thomson-envisioned-the-atom-as-a


 * [[image:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel.jpg width="90" height="156" caption="Henri Becquerel"]]Antoine Henri Becquerel** was born in Paris on December 15, 1852. He enrolled in Polytechnic in 1872. Then in 1874 he went to the government department of Ponts-et-Chaussées, Where he got the position of ingénieur-en-chef in 1894. Then he took his father’s job at the natural museum and then got the position as a professor at Polytechnic in 1895. His early work was with the plane polarization of light, with the phenomenon of phosphorescence and with the absorption of light by crystals. In 1896 he discovered the phenomenon of natural radioactivity. Becquerel investigated whether there was any connection between X-rays and the naturally occurring phosphorescence. Here’s a little video about him. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INF9y154EZA&feature=related <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">

He took uranium salts and placed by a photographic plate covered with opaque paper and found out that when the salts were exposed to light it fogged the plate. Later, Becquerel showed that the rays emitted by uranium caused gases to ionize and that they differed from X-rays in that they could be deflected by electric or magnetic fields. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0000cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html <span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**Marie Curie** was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867. In 1894 she married Pierre Curie, Professor in the School of Physics. Her research with her husband was very hard; they had to do a lot of teaching to support it. There lab was under equipped, and was in bad conditions. In their brilliant researches and analyses which led to the isolation of polonium and radium. Curie developed methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues in sufficient quantities. Then Pierre curie died from the radiation in 1906. Curie lived until the year 1934 until she died from radiation. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Marie used this “Curie electrometer” to make exact measurements of the tiny electrical changes that uranium rays caused as they passed through air. Marie found out that pitchblende had a strong presence of uranium in it. Then they separated the chemicals precisely by their radioactivity. You can see them doing there experiment if you follow this link. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkODWQYZnEU <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://www.aip.org/history/curie/brief/03_radium/radium_7.html <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> **Werner Heisenberg**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> was born on 5th December, 1901, at Würzburg. From 1924 until 1925 he worked, with a Rockefeller Grant, with <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-themecolor: text1">Niels Bohr <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">, at the University of Copenhagen. Then in 1927 he got the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Leipzig. This is where his name gets famous for his theory of quantum mechanics, which was published in 1925. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">This was based on the observation of the radiation of the atom. He said that we cann’t always assign an electron a specific place at a specific time, nor follow it in its orbit, so that we cannot assume that the planetary orbits postulated by Niels Bohr actually exist. Mechanical quantities, such as position, velocity, etc. should be represented, not by ordinary numbers, but by abstract mathematical structures called "matrices". Then he came up with his famous //principle of uncertainty. // <span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.juliantrubin.com/imagesp/heisenbergstamp.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.juliantrubin.com/physicsjokes.html&h=497&w=500&sz=39&hl=en&start=15&um=1&usg=__fBbR8TfvpG00MXFL6hQBRyp4a9Q=&tbnid=bzSokXxavZ0HYM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DWerner%2BHeisenberg%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS280US280%26sa%3DN http://www.quantumintro.com/quantum_orig/scrod.gif http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">[[image:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger.jpg width="127" height="160" caption="Erwin Schrödinger"]]Erwin Schrödinger **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> was born on August 12, 1887, in Vienna. In 1920 he took up an academic position as assistant to Max Wien, followed by positions at Stuttgart, Breslau, and at the University of Zurich. While in Zurich, Schrödinger studied a variety of subjects of theoretical physics. The time he spent in Zurich led to his great discovery, Schrödinger's wave equation in 1926. He made his equation because he was dissatisfied with quantum condition in Bohr's orbit theory.

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-themecolor: text1">Chadwick smashed alpha particles into beryllium, a rare metallic element, and allowed the radiation that was released to hit another target: paraffin wax. When the beryllium radiation hit hydrogen atoms in the wax, the atoms were sent into a detecting chamber. The experiment results showed a collision with beryllium atoms would release massive neutral particles. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-themecolor: text1"> <span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none; mso-no-proof: yes"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-themecolor: text1"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-themecolor: text1"> http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html http://images.google.com/images?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4DMUS_enUS280US280&q=James%20Chadwick%20experiment&um=1&sa=N&tab=wi http://www.light-science.com/chadwick.html
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">[[image:http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:eBcpbbJ4HuD84M:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick.jpg width="91" height="103" link="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick.jpg"]]James Chadwick **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> was born in Cheshire, England, on 20th October, 1891. He helped Rutherford with making the structure of the atom by shooting alpha partials at elements. In 1932 Chadwick made a fundamental discovery the neutron. He said it was an elementary particle devoid of any electrical charge. You can see what he did if you follow this link. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKM8uJrcmyk&NR=1

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">